2004 Vol.17(4)
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2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The algorithm of gaseous flow in bi-dimensional micro-channels is set up and the corresponding program based on micro-flow theory is presented. Gaseous flow in micro-channels is numerically analyzed and the pressure drop along the duct as well as the velocity profile in the micro-channels is obtained. The numerical results agreed well with the experimental results in the references. Moreover, the effects of Kn, sv and Re on the velocity profiles are analyzed. It is found that for Kn>0.001, with increasing Kn number, the slip velocity on the wall boundary increases; the tangential momentum coefficient sv affects the slip velocity greatly. The slip velocity increases with decreasing sv In the slip flow regime and for low Re numbers, the slip velocity is little influenced by the Re number.
The algorithm of gaseous flow in bi-dimensional micro-channels is set up and the corresponding program based on micro-flow theory is presented. Gaseous flow in micro-channels is numerically analyzed and the pressure drop along the duct as well as the velocity profile in the micro-channels is obtained. The numerical results agreed well with the experimental results in the references. Moreover, the effects of Kn, sv and Re on the velocity profiles are analyzed. It is found that for Kn>0.001, with increasing Kn number, the slip velocity on the wall boundary increases; the tangential momentum coefficient sv affects the slip velocity greatly. The slip velocity increases with decreasing sv In the slip flow regime and for low Re numbers, the slip velocity is little influenced by the Re number.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A new non-sinusoidal oscillation waveform is constructed for controlling the mold oscillation during continuous casting. Casting velocity and oscillation parameters are then established for a computer model of the continuous casting process. The waveform distortion coefficient e of waveform function is close to the waveform distortion rate a, so e is taken for a when the basic parameters are selected initially. The waveform function can be created for the servo hydraulic system or the mechanical driving system. Industrial scale experiments show the waveform function is effective.
A new non-sinusoidal oscillation waveform is constructed for controlling the mold oscillation during continuous casting. Casting velocity and oscillation parameters are then established for a computer model of the continuous casting process. The waveform distortion coefficient e of waveform function is close to the waveform distortion rate a, so e is taken for a when the basic parameters are selected initially. The waveform function can be created for the servo hydraulic system or the mechanical driving system. Industrial scale experiments show the waveform function is effective.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Structural synthesis for 4-DOF parallel manipulators using screw theory is systematically studied. Motion properties and constraint conditions of 4-DOF parallel manipulators according to the relationship between screw and reciprocal screw are analyzed. Mathematical expressions for constraint screws and twist screws of moving platform are constructed, and all possible limbs, which provide one or more force constraints, are enumerated. Finally, a parallel manipulator with 3-rotation-DOF and 1-translation-DOF is used as an example to describe the synthesis procedure for symmetrical and non-symmetrical 4-DOF parallel manipulators.
Structural synthesis for 4-DOF parallel manipulators using screw theory is systematically studied. Motion properties and constraint conditions of 4-DOF parallel manipulators according to the relationship between screw and reciprocal screw are analyzed. Mathematical expressions for constraint screws and twist screws of moving platform are constructed, and all possible limbs, which provide one or more force constraints, are enumerated. Finally, a parallel manipulator with 3-rotation-DOF and 1-translation-DOF is used as an example to describe the synthesis procedure for symmetrical and non-symmetrical 4-DOF parallel manipulators.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Representation of roughness is introduced and the rationality of applying the physics-based model in RE is analyzed at first. Then the scattering theory of electromagnetic wave is simplified and deduced to a physics-based model according to the characteristics of the surface to be reconstructed in RE. At last, the intensity diagrams of reflected field distribution are provided to prove the feasibility of the presented model and some spheres are rendered with this model.
Representation of roughness is introduced and the rationality of applying the physics-based model in RE is analyzed at first. Then the scattering theory of electromagnetic wave is simplified and deduced to a physics-based model according to the characteristics of the surface to be reconstructed in RE. At last, the intensity diagrams of reflected field distribution are provided to prove the feasibility of the presented model and some spheres are rendered with this model.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A new technology of forward extrusion and cross rolling has been developed to process the rear axle shaft sleeve of light truck with the use of tube billets. This technology is characterized by large reductions of material, energy and cost of production and has significant economical benefits. This technology is stable and reliable. The three rolls transverse rolling mill built based on this technology has novelty construction, higher production efficiency, non-vibration and noise. The research results have been extensively applied to light trucks and farm transport with load of 1 to 3 tones.
A new technology of forward extrusion and cross rolling has been developed to process the rear axle shaft sleeve of light truck with the use of tube billets. This technology is characterized by large reductions of material, energy and cost of production and has significant economical benefits. This technology is stable and reliable. The three rolls transverse rolling mill built based on this technology has novelty construction, higher production efficiency, non-vibration and noise. The research results have been extensively applied to light trucks and farm transport with load of 1 to 3 tones.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Characters of head of low head pump station and the pump shaft power are analyzed. Influence of each single factor on pump shaft power is expressed as change of specific shaft power (non-dimensional) and the probability density function is determined. Influences of multiple factors on pump shaft power are analyzed. Method of calculating none over-loaded probability of motor by integration by successive reductions is put forward and then rela-tion between power spare coefficient and none over-loaded reliability of electric motor is established. Influences of all factors on pump shaft power being considered completely; power spare coefficients of motor are calculated in three kinds of heads (changing and unchanging), two kinds of dirty-out conditions. Electrical motor power spare coefficients should be chosen as 1.20~1.44, 1.11~1.19, 1.09~1.14 respectively when pump heads are 4, 7, 9.5 m. The results mean much to rea-sonable choose of electrical motors in large pump stations, increasing reliability of pump units and saving equipment investment.
Characters of head of low head pump station and the pump shaft power are analyzed. Influence of each single factor on pump shaft power is expressed as change of specific shaft power (non-dimensional) and the probability density function is determined. Influences of multiple factors on pump shaft power are analyzed. Method of calculating none over-loaded probability of motor by integration by successive reductions is put forward and then rela-tion between power spare coefficient and none over-loaded reliability of electric motor is established. Influences of all factors on pump shaft power being considered completely; power spare coefficients of motor are calculated in three kinds of heads (changing and unchanging), two kinds of dirty-out conditions. Electrical motor power spare coefficients should be chosen as 1.20~1.44, 1.11~1.19, 1.09~1.14 respectively when pump heads are 4, 7, 9.5 m. The results mean much to rea-sonable choose of electrical motors in large pump stations, increasing reliability of pump units and saving equipment investment.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The contributing factors for the cavitation in piezoelectric pumps are analyzed,theoretically, and the device fitting for observing and recording is set up. With it the experiments are carried out to observe the emergence and the flowing of the cavitations in the piezoelectric pumps. According to the statistic and the analysis to the data of the experiments, the peculiar features are discovered. These features are composed of balls-amassing, center-more, and flow-out.
The contributing factors for the cavitation in piezoelectric pumps are analyzed,theoretically, and the device fitting for observing and recording is set up. With it the experiments are carried out to observe the emergence and the flowing of the cavitations in the piezoelectric pumps. According to the statistic and the analysis to the data of the experiments, the peculiar features are discovered. These features are composed of balls-amassing, center-more, and flow-out.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A mathematical model is set to evaluate the 3-D dense solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flow in a non-clogging mud pump, the flow feature in the impeller channel is simulated with the tool of IPSA. Meanwhile, resort to TECPLOT as the post-processor, the simulation results is visualized. The results show the main flow characteristics：There exists backflow and aberrant velocities at inlet area and a relative velocity slip between two phases; A jet-wake flow pattern is discerned around the shroud-suction side area; The relative velocity vector of solid phase is closer to the pressure surface than that of liquid phase and the trend is more obvious with the increase of diameter; The kinetic energy of turbulence k and the dissipation rate e reach their peaks at the corner of pressure and suction surface. The simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental flow features in the impeller channel, which prove the turbulent model used is valid and provide a theoretical design basis to non-clogging pumps.
A mathematical model is set to evaluate the 3-D dense solid-liquid two-phase turbulent flow in a non-clogging mud pump, the flow feature in the impeller channel is simulated with the tool of IPSA. Meanwhile, resort to TECPLOT as the post-processor, the simulation results is visualized. The results show the main flow characteristics：There exists backflow and aberrant velocities at inlet area and a relative velocity slip between two phases; A jet-wake flow pattern is discerned around the shroud-suction side area; The relative velocity vector of solid phase is closer to the pressure surface than that of liquid phase and the trend is more obvious with the increase of diameter; The kinetic energy of turbulence k and the dissipation rate e reach their peaks at the corner of pressure and suction surface. The simulation results show a good agreement with the experimental flow features in the impeller channel, which prove the turbulent model used is valid and provide a theoretical design basis to non-clogging pumps.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
From the idea of failure of defective structures at high temperature being controlled by two mechanisms: fast fracture due to creep crack growth initiating at the crack tip and creep rupture on the weakened section, a time-dependent failure assessment diagram (TDFAD) is developed on the basis of the time dependent crack tip parameter J integral. According to the proposed TDFAD method, detailed crack initiation and creep crack growth analysis is avoided in safety assessments of high temperature structures by performing simple calculations of stress intensity factor and limit load. To evaluate the creep toughness parameter Kmat, three different expressions are suggested on the basis of experimental load-line displacement, creep crack initiation and growth parameters as well as the isochronous stress-strain curve. The influence of service factors such as temperature and service-time on the proposed TDFAD is discussed by using the properties of 2.25Cr1Mo steel and an example is also presented to illustrate the approach.
From the idea of failure of defective structures at high temperature being controlled by two mechanisms: fast fracture due to creep crack growth initiating at the crack tip and creep rupture on the weakened section, a time-dependent failure assessment diagram (TDFAD) is developed on the basis of the time dependent crack tip parameter J integral. According to the proposed TDFAD method, detailed crack initiation and creep crack growth analysis is avoided in safety assessments of high temperature structures by performing simple calculations of stress intensity factor and limit load. To evaluate the creep toughness parameter Kmat, three different expressions are suggested on the basis of experimental load-line displacement, creep crack initiation and growth parameters as well as the isochronous stress-strain curve. The influence of service factors such as temperature and service-time on the proposed TDFAD is discussed by using the properties of 2.25Cr1Mo steel and an example is also presented to illustrate the approach.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Due to the calculation problem of classical methods (such as Lyapunov exponent) for chaotic behavior, a new method of identifying nonlinear dynamics with higher-order time-frequency entropy (HOTFE) based on time-frequency analysis and information theorem is proposed. Firstly, the meaning of HOTFE is defined, and then its validity is testified by numerical simulation. In the end vibration data from rotors are analyzed by HOTFE. The results demonstrate that it can indeed identify the early rub-impact chaotic behavior in rotors and also is simpler to calculate than previous methods.
Due to the calculation problem of classical methods (such as Lyapunov exponent) for chaotic behavior, a new method of identifying nonlinear dynamics with higher-order time-frequency entropy (HOTFE) based on time-frequency analysis and information theorem is proposed. Firstly, the meaning of HOTFE is defined, and then its validity is testified by numerical simulation. In the end vibration data from rotors are analyzed by HOTFE. The results demonstrate that it can indeed identify the early rub-impact chaotic behavior in rotors and also is simpler to calculate than previous methods.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A method for measuring the sculptured surface of rotation by using coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and rotary table is proposed. The measurement is realized during the continuous rotation of the workpiece mounted on the rotary table while the probe moves along the generatrix of the surface step by step. This method possesses lots of advantages such as simplicity of probe motion, high reliability and efficiency. Some key techniques including calibration of the effective radius of the probing system, determination of the position of axis of rotation, auto-centering of the workpiece, data processing algorithm, are discussed. Approaches for determining the coordinates on measured surface, establishing workpiece coordinate system and surface fitting are presented in detail. The method can be used with contact or non-contact probes. Some fragile ceramic and plaster parts are measured by using the system consisting of a CMM, rotary table, motorized head and non-contact laser triangulation probe. The measuring uncertainty is about 0.02 mm which meets the general requirement in most cases.
A method for measuring the sculptured surface of rotation by using coordinate measuring machine (CMM) and rotary table is proposed. The measurement is realized during the continuous rotation of the workpiece mounted on the rotary table while the probe moves along the generatrix of the surface step by step. This method possesses lots of advantages such as simplicity of probe motion, high reliability and efficiency. Some key techniques including calibration of the effective radius of the probing system, determination of the position of axis of rotation, auto-centering of the workpiece, data processing algorithm, are discussed. Approaches for determining the coordinates on measured surface, establishing workpiece coordinate system and surface fitting are presented in detail. The method can be used with contact or non-contact probes. Some fragile ceramic and plaster parts are measured by using the system consisting of a CMM, rotary table, motorized head and non-contact laser triangulation probe. The measuring uncertainty is about 0.02 mm which meets the general requirement in most cases.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A new type of vibration structure of vertical dynamic balancing machine is designed, which is based on the analysis for swing frame of a traditional vertical dynamic balancing machine. The static unbalance and couple unbalance can be separated effectively by using the new machine with the new swing frame. By building the dynamics model, the advantages of the new structure are discussed in detail. The modal and harmonic response are analyzed by using the ANSYS7.0. By comparing the finite element modal analysis with the experimental modal analysis, the natural frequencies and vibration modes are found out. There are many spring boards in the new swing frame. Their stiffness is different and assort with each other. Furthermore, there are three sensors on the measurement points. Therefore, the new dynamic balancing machine can measure the static unbalance and couple unbalance directly, and the influence between them is faint. The new structure has the function of belt-strain compensation to improve the measurement precision. The practical result indicates that the new vertical dynamic balancing machine is suitable for inertial measurement of flying objects, and can overcome the shortcomings of traditional double-plane vertical dynamic balancing machines. The vertical dynamic balancing machine with the new vibration structure can be widely used in the future applications. The modeling and analysis of the new vibration structure provide theoretic instruction and practical experience for designing new type of vertical dynamic balancing machines. Based on the design principles such as stiffness-matching, frequency-adjacence and strain-compensation and so on, various new type of vibration structures can be designed.
A new type of vibration structure of vertical dynamic balancing machine is designed, which is based on the analysis for swing frame of a traditional vertical dynamic balancing machine. The static unbalance and couple unbalance can be separated effectively by using the new machine with the new swing frame. By building the dynamics model, the advantages of the new structure are discussed in detail. The modal and harmonic response are analyzed by using the ANSYS7.0. By comparing the finite element modal analysis with the experimental modal analysis, the natural frequencies and vibration modes are found out. There are many spring boards in the new swing frame. Their stiffness is different and assort with each other. Furthermore, there are three sensors on the measurement points. Therefore, the new dynamic balancing machine can measure the static unbalance and couple unbalance directly, and the influence between them is faint. The new structure has the function of belt-strain compensation to improve the measurement precision. The practical result indicates that the new vertical dynamic balancing machine is suitable for inertial measurement of flying objects, and can overcome the shortcomings of traditional double-plane vertical dynamic balancing machines. The vertical dynamic balancing machine with the new vibration structure can be widely used in the future applications. The modeling and analysis of the new vibration structure provide theoretic instruction and practical experience for designing new type of vertical dynamic balancing machines. Based on the design principles such as stiffness-matching, frequency-adjacence and strain-compensation and so on, various new type of vibration structures can be designed.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A flexible two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) steering model of multi-axle vehicle (MAV) is presented with considering the effect of frame flexibility based on the classic 2-DOF model. A method to calculate the frame flexibility is derived by using three moments equation. The steering stability of MAV is analyzed. The steering performance of MAV is also researched in frequency domain. Simulation results show that the dynamic effects of flexible model are more severe than rigid model and the flexible effect of frame will weaken the steering stability of MAV. Different disposals of steering axles lead to different steering characteristics of MAV. The in-phase steering mode improves the steering characteristics and stability at high speed. The anti-phase steering mode increases the steering mobility at low vehicle speed.
A flexible two degrees of freedom (2-DOF) steering model of multi-axle vehicle (MAV) is presented with considering the effect of frame flexibility based on the classic 2-DOF model. A method to calculate the frame flexibility is derived by using three moments equation. The steering stability of MAV is analyzed. The steering performance of MAV is also researched in frequency domain. Simulation results show that the dynamic effects of flexible model are more severe than rigid model and the flexible effect of frame will weaken the steering stability of MAV. Different disposals of steering axles lead to different steering characteristics of MAV. The in-phase steering mode improves the steering characteristics and stability at high speed. The anti-phase steering mode increases the steering mobility at low vehicle speed.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A novel numerical method to lubricate a conventional finite diameter coni-cal-cylindrical bearing with a non-Newtonian lubricant, while adhering to the power-law model, is presented. The elastic deformation of bearing and varied viscosity of lubrication due to the pressure distribution of film thickness are also considered. Simulation results indicate that the normal load carrying capacity is more pronounced for higher values of flow behavior index n, higher eccentricity ratios and larger misalignment factors. It is found that the viscosity-pressure to the effect of lubricant viscosity is significant.
A novel numerical method to lubricate a conventional finite diameter coni-cal-cylindrical bearing with a non-Newtonian lubricant, while adhering to the power-law model, is presented. The elastic deformation of bearing and varied viscosity of lubrication due to the pressure distribution of film thickness are also considered. Simulation results indicate that the normal load carrying capacity is more pronounced for higher values of flow behavior index n, higher eccentricity ratios and larger misalignment factors. It is found that the viscosity-pressure to the effect of lubricant viscosity is significant.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A new time-domain analysis method that uses second generation wavelet transform (SGWT) for weak fault feature extraction is proposed. To extract incipient fault feature, a biorthogonal wavelet with the characteristics of impact is constructed by using SGWT. Processing detail signal of SGWT with a sliding window devised on the basis of rotating operation cycle, and extracting modulus maximum from each window, fault features in time-domain are highlighted. To make further analysis on the reason of the fault, wavelet package transform based on SGWT is used to process vibration data again. Calculating the energy of each frequency-band, the energy distribution features of the signal are attained. Then taking account of the fault features and the energy distribution, the reason of the fault is worked out. An early impact-rub fault caused by axis misalignment and rotor imbalance is successfully detected by using this method in an oil refinery.
A new time-domain analysis method that uses second generation wavelet transform (SGWT) for weak fault feature extraction is proposed. To extract incipient fault feature, a biorthogonal wavelet with the characteristics of impact is constructed by using SGWT. Processing detail signal of SGWT with a sliding window devised on the basis of rotating operation cycle, and extracting modulus maximum from each window, fault features in time-domain are highlighted. To make further analysis on the reason of the fault, wavelet package transform based on SGWT is used to process vibration data again. Calculating the energy of each frequency-band, the energy distribution features of the signal are attained. Then taking account of the fault features and the energy distribution, the reason of the fault is worked out. An early impact-rub fault caused by axis misalignment and rotor imbalance is successfully detected by using this method in an oil refinery.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The technology of forming and machining lump nano-materials has been investigated. Grinding, abrasive machining test has been conducted to Fe, Co, Ni and Al lump nano-materials. Experiments have been done to measure grinding force, grinding thermal, machining roughness and micro-hardness. Image analysis is carried out by metallographic and scanning tunnel microscopic microscope. Researches provide the basis data for forming and machining lump nano-materials.
The technology of forming and machining lump nano-materials has been investigated. Grinding, abrasive machining test has been conducted to Fe, Co, Ni and Al lump nano-materials. Experiments have been done to measure grinding force, grinding thermal, machining roughness and micro-hardness. Image analysis is carried out by metallographic and scanning tunnel microscopic microscope. Researches provide the basis data for forming and machining lump nano-materials.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A novel combined model of the vibration control for the coupled flexible system and its general mathematic description are developed. In presented model, active and passive controls as well as force and moment controls are combined into a single unit to achieve the efficient vibration control of the flexible structures by multi-approaches. Considering the complexity of the energy transmission in the vibrating system, the transmission channels of the power flow transmitted into the foundation are discussed, and the general forces and the corresponding velocities are combined into a single function, respectively. Under the control strategy of the minimum power flow, the transmission characteristics of the power flow are investigated. From the presented numerical examples, it is obvious that the analytical model is effective, and both force and moment controls are able to depress vibration energy substantially.
A novel combined model of the vibration control for the coupled flexible system and its general mathematic description are developed. In presented model, active and passive controls as well as force and moment controls are combined into a single unit to achieve the efficient vibration control of the flexible structures by multi-approaches. Considering the complexity of the energy transmission in the vibrating system, the transmission channels of the power flow transmitted into the foundation are discussed, and the general forces and the corresponding velocities are combined into a single function, respectively. Under the control strategy of the minimum power flow, the transmission characteristics of the power flow are investigated. From the presented numerical examples, it is obvious that the analytical model is effective, and both force and moment controls are able to depress vibration energy substantially.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Numerical simulation on the unsteady flow in a centrifugal compressor is performed, and compared with the experimental data. The influence of the impeller-diffuser interaction on the flowfields is discussed, and the reasons for the losses are also explored. Results show that qualitative and quite fair quantitative agreements are achieved between the predicted and measured flowfields. The influence of the impeller wake on the convexity surface of diffuser is great. The potential repercussion of the diffuser on the suction surface of the impeller is much larger than on the pressure surface. Effect of the unsteady interaction is strongest in the radial gap. The unsteady flow itself may compensate for the loss generated in stage, and the stage efficiency is inversely proportional to the entropy production.
Numerical simulation on the unsteady flow in a centrifugal compressor is performed, and compared with the experimental data. The influence of the impeller-diffuser interaction on the flowfields is discussed, and the reasons for the losses are also explored. Results show that qualitative and quite fair quantitative agreements are achieved between the predicted and measured flowfields. The influence of the impeller wake on the convexity surface of diffuser is great. The potential repercussion of the diffuser on the suction surface of the impeller is much larger than on the pressure surface. Effect of the unsteady interaction is strongest in the radial gap. The unsteady flow itself may compensate for the loss generated in stage, and the stage efficiency is inversely proportional to the entropy production.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Product design is considered as the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), and a new design approach based on constraint network is proposed and applied to make design automatic partially. By means of constraint extraction, constraint network construction and operation, constraint chains are acquired, and then the conceptual design scheme can be got by decoding the information stored in the design constraint chains, which provides a novelty method for mechanical product design automation. Shearing mechanism of shearing machine has been designed by this way.
Product design is considered as the constraint satisfaction problem (CSP), and a new design approach based on constraint network is proposed and applied to make design automatic partially. By means of constraint extraction, constraint network construction and operation, constraint chains are acquired, and then the conceptual design scheme can be got by decoding the information stored in the design constraint chains, which provides a novelty method for mechanical product design automation. Shearing mechanism of shearing machine has been designed by this way.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Common definition and calculating expressions of end-surface contact ratio for all type of gears are put forward, and with calculation expressions for involute gears, micro-segments profile gears, and sine-curved profile gears being discussed. The end-surface contact ratio of gears is defined as the ratio of the action angle (the rotation angle of gear from gear-in to gear-out for one pair of teeth) to the rotation angle per pitch (or central angle per tooth). According to the theory of gearing, equation of the meshing line can be deduced from the tooth profiles of basic rack. Having obtained the equation of the meshing line, and being given the addendum outline of the gears, the contact ratio can be calculated with the calculation expressions. For the involute gears, this definition has same effect as the well-known definition: ratio of the contact line to the base pitch. This definition of contact ratio is also suitable to other non-involute gears, such as micro-segments profile gears, sine-curved profile gears, and can give more reliable results.
Common definition and calculating expressions of end-surface contact ratio for all type of gears are put forward, and with calculation expressions for involute gears, micro-segments profile gears, and sine-curved profile gears being discussed. The end-surface contact ratio of gears is defined as the ratio of the action angle (the rotation angle of gear from gear-in to gear-out for one pair of teeth) to the rotation angle per pitch (or central angle per tooth). According to the theory of gearing, equation of the meshing line can be deduced from the tooth profiles of basic rack. Having obtained the equation of the meshing line, and being given the addendum outline of the gears, the contact ratio can be calculated with the calculation expressions. For the involute gears, this definition has same effect as the well-known definition: ratio of the contact line to the base pitch. This definition of contact ratio is also suitable to other non-involute gears, such as micro-segments profile gears, sine-curved profile gears, and can give more reliable results.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The mechanically bonded CRA-lined pipe is developed to meet the need for corrosion-resistant alloy steel pipe. Residual contact pressure at the interface of lined pipe is important factor that governs the quality of lined pipe. A simplified theoretical method is presented to predict the residual contact pressure created by hydraulic pressure. The calculating equation related hydro-forming pressure to the residual contact pressure between two metal faces is derived. And the validation of the proposed equation is accomplished by comparing its result to those obtained by experimental investigation.
The mechanically bonded CRA-lined pipe is developed to meet the need for corrosion-resistant alloy steel pipe. Residual contact pressure at the interface of lined pipe is important factor that governs the quality of lined pipe. A simplified theoretical method is presented to predict the residual contact pressure created by hydraulic pressure. The calculating equation related hydro-forming pressure to the residual contact pressure between two metal faces is derived. And the validation of the proposed equation is accomplished by comparing its result to those obtained by experimental investigation.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The method for harmonic cancellation based on artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. The task is accomplished by generating reference signal with frequency that should be eliminated from the output. The reference input is weighted by the ANN in such a way that it closely matches the harmonic. The weighted reference signal is added to the fundamental signal such that the output harmonic is cancelled leaving the desired signal alone. The weights of ANN are adjusted by output harmonic, which is isolated by a bandpass filter. The above concept is used as a basis for the development of adaptive harmonic cancellation (AHC) algorithm. Simulation results performed with a hydraulic system demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed AHC control scheme.
The method for harmonic cancellation based on artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. The task is accomplished by generating reference signal with frequency that should be eliminated from the output. The reference input is weighted by the ANN in such a way that it closely matches the harmonic. The weighted reference signal is added to the fundamental signal such that the output harmonic is cancelled leaving the desired signal alone. The weights of ANN are adjusted by output harmonic, which is isolated by a bandpass filter. The above concept is used as a basis for the development of adaptive harmonic cancellation (AHC) algorithm. Simulation results performed with a hydraulic system demonstrate the efficiency and validity of the proposed AHC control scheme.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Aiming at the parameter detection of the circumferential equispaced curves, and on the background of the rifling parameter detection, a panoramic image based detection technique is proposed, which employs the panoramic image photographed by a tamper reflector and a CCD camera to detect the parameter of the circumferential equispaced curves. The effect of the system's off-center error, deflection error and pixel error on the parameter detection is analyzed, which shows that this technique make a good use of the property of the circumferential equispaced, and has a high power of anti off-center error and anti deflection error, resulting a high precision at the parameter measurement on circumferential equispaced curves.
Aiming at the parameter detection of the circumferential equispaced curves, and on the background of the rifling parameter detection, a panoramic image based detection technique is proposed, which employs the panoramic image photographed by a tamper reflector and a CCD camera to detect the parameter of the circumferential equispaced curves. The effect of the system's off-center error, deflection error and pixel error on the parameter detection is analyzed, which shows that this technique make a good use of the property of the circumferential equispaced, and has a high power of anti off-center error and anti deflection error, resulting a high precision at the parameter measurement on circumferential equispaced curves.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The physical model of –20 diesel oil and force model of injector control valve of common rail system is built. The changes of the fluid thickness are investigated on the base of the results of CFD and experiments for control valve of injector. The results indicate that a fluid thickness of 0.02~0.03 mm between the poppet and valve guide is sufficient to dampen any excessive control valve poppet bouncing.
The physical model of –20 diesel oil and force model of injector control valve of common rail system is built. The changes of the fluid thickness are investigated on the base of the results of CFD and experiments for control valve of injector. The results indicate that a fluid thickness of 0.02~0.03 mm between the poppet and valve guide is sufficient to dampen any excessive control valve poppet bouncing.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The fatigue contrast tests of unload longitudinal direction corner joints as original welded and treated by ultrasonic peening of Q235B in various stress ratio are directed. The improvements of fatigue performance of unload longitudinal direction corner joints resulted by ultrasonic peening are studied. The effect pattern of stress ratio on fatigue performance of welded joints that are treated by ultrasonic peening is studied. As tests results indicate that: ① In the condition of stress ratio R= –1, the fatigue strength of specimen treated by ultrasonic peening is increased by 165% of that of the original welded specimen. And the fatigue life of specimen treated by ultrasonic peening is as much as 75~210 times of that of the latter. When R=0.1, the fatigue strength is increased by 87% and the fatigue life is extended by 21~29 times. When R= –0.5, the fatigue strength is increased by 123% and the fatigue life is extended by 42~59 times. When R=0.45, the fatigue strength is increased by 51% and the fatigue life is extended by 3~14 times. ② If the welded joints are treated by ultrasonic peening, the fatigue strength is no longer independent on the applied mean stress. The more the stress ratio R, the less the fatigue stress range which can be sustained by the joints is. ③ Whether the high value residual stress is in the joints or not, the dead load portion of the applied load must be considered in the design of the joints which should be treated by ultrasonic peening.
The fatigue contrast tests of unload longitudinal direction corner joints as original welded and treated by ultrasonic peening of Q235B in various stress ratio are directed. The improvements of fatigue performance of unload longitudinal direction corner joints resulted by ultrasonic peening are studied. The effect pattern of stress ratio on fatigue performance of welded joints that are treated by ultrasonic peening is studied. As tests results indicate that: ① In the condition of stress ratio R= –1, the fatigue strength of specimen treated by ultrasonic peening is increased by 165% of that of the original welded specimen. And the fatigue life of specimen treated by ultrasonic peening is as much as 75~210 times of that of the latter. When R=0.1, the fatigue strength is increased by 87% and the fatigue life is extended by 21~29 times. When R= –0.5, the fatigue strength is increased by 123% and the fatigue life is extended by 42~59 times. When R=0.45, the fatigue strength is increased by 51% and the fatigue life is extended by 3~14 times. ② If the welded joints are treated by ultrasonic peening, the fatigue strength is no longer independent on the applied mean stress. The more the stress ratio R, the less the fatigue stress range which can be sustained by the joints is. ③ Whether the high value residual stress is in the joints or not, the dead load portion of the applied load must be considered in the design of the joints which should be treated by ultrasonic peening.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of the common limitations of business process manage-ment (BPM) methodologies and the requirements of small and medium sized-enterprises (SMEs), the importance of a “performance construct” of BPM methodologies is identified, a six-phase performance-driven BPM methodology for the production and operation processes of Chinese SMEs is developed. A case study on the process management of a medium-sized enterprise shows a successful example of running the methodology.
Based on the analysis of the common limitations of business process manage-ment (BPM) methodologies and the requirements of small and medium sized-enterprises (SMEs), the importance of a “performance construct” of BPM methodologies is identified, a six-phase performance-driven BPM methodology for the production and operation processes of Chinese SMEs is developed. A case study on the process management of a medium-sized enterprise shows a successful example of running the methodology.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Based on the recently quick-developing time-frequency analysis (TFA) technique and virtual instrument (VI) technique, a virtual instrument in characteristic analysis of rotating machinery is researched and developed successfully. By utilizing instantaneous frequency estimation (IFE) theoretics of TFA technique, and based on IFE of peak searching on the time-frequency spectrum, order analysis (OA) functions is put forward and implemented, such as order spectrum, order spectrum matrix, order tracking, order tracking filtering, and order component extraction, etc. Unlike the home and abroad existing popular characteristic analyzers, which need key phasing devices such as shaft encoder, phase-locked loop (PLL), phase-locked multiple frequency, tachometer, etc, to implement constant angle sampling directly or indirectly, whereas this instrument only uses the vibration signal of rotating machinery to carry out OA. This instrument makes up the shortage of these traditional instruments in analyzing the non-stationary signal of run-up and run-down process of rotating machinery. Therefore, it is a great breakthrough for the existing order analyzers.
Based on the recently quick-developing time-frequency analysis (TFA) technique and virtual instrument (VI) technique, a virtual instrument in characteristic analysis of rotating machinery is researched and developed successfully. By utilizing instantaneous frequency estimation (IFE) theoretics of TFA technique, and based on IFE of peak searching on the time-frequency spectrum, order analysis (OA) functions is put forward and implemented, such as order spectrum, order spectrum matrix, order tracking, order tracking filtering, and order component extraction, etc. Unlike the home and abroad existing popular characteristic analyzers, which need key phasing devices such as shaft encoder, phase-locked loop (PLL), phase-locked multiple frequency, tachometer, etc, to implement constant angle sampling directly or indirectly, whereas this instrument only uses the vibration signal of rotating machinery to carry out OA. This instrument makes up the shortage of these traditional instruments in analyzing the non-stationary signal of run-up and run-down process of rotating machinery. Therefore, it is a great breakthrough for the existing order analyzers.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A new generalized modular design (GMD) method is proposed based on design practice of frame structure of hydraulic press machines. By building a series of flexible modules (FMs), design knowledge and structure features are integrated into parametric models. Then, parametric design and variational analysis methods for GMD are presented according to user defined design objectives and customized product characteristics. A FM-centered GMD system is developed and successfully used in the rapid design of relevant products.
A new generalized modular design (GMD) method is proposed based on design practice of frame structure of hydraulic press machines. By building a series of flexible modules (FMs), design knowledge and structure features are integrated into parametric models. Then, parametric design and variational analysis methods for GMD are presented according to user defined design objectives and customized product characteristics. A FM-centered GMD system is developed and successfully used in the rapid design of relevant products.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. With the variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetration welding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As to deep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. The heat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources. With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC is employed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.
The welding mechanism of laser-TIG hybrid welding process is analyzed. With the variation of arc current, the welding process is divided into two patterns: deep-penetration welding and heat conductive welding. The heat flow model of hybrid welding is presented. As to deep-penetration welding, the heat source includes a surface heat flux and a volume heat flux. The heat source of heat conductive welding is composed of two Gaussian distribute surface heat sources. With this heat source model, a temperature field is calculated. The finite element code MARC is employed for this purpose. The calculation results show a good agreement with the experimental data.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The solid template CCD camera calibration method of bundle adjustments based on collinearity equation is presented considering the characteristics of space large-dimension on-line measurement. In the method, a more comprehensive camera model is adopted which is based on the pinhole model extended with distortions corrections. In the process of calibration, calibration precision is improved by imaging at different locations in the whole measurement space, multi-imaging at the same location and bundle adjustments optimization. The calibration experiment proves that the calibration method is able to fulfill calibration requirement of CCD camera applied to vision measurement.
The solid template CCD camera calibration method of bundle adjustments based on collinearity equation is presented considering the characteristics of space large-dimension on-line measurement. In the method, a more comprehensive camera model is adopted which is based on the pinhole model extended with distortions corrections. In the process of calibration, calibration precision is improved by imaging at different locations in the whole measurement space, multi-imaging at the same location and bundle adjustments optimization. The calibration experiment proves that the calibration method is able to fulfill calibration requirement of CCD camera applied to vision measurement.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A novel algorithm, the immune genetic algorithm based on multi-agent, is proposed for the path planning of tightly coordinated two-robot manipulators, which constructs mainly immune operators accomplished by three steps: defining strategies and methods of multi-agent, calculating virtual forces acting on an agent, and constructing immune operators and performing immunization during the evolutionary process. It is illustrated to be able to restrain the degenerate phenomenon effectively and improve the searching ability with high converging speed.
A novel algorithm, the immune genetic algorithm based on multi-agent, is proposed for the path planning of tightly coordinated two-robot manipulators, which constructs mainly immune operators accomplished by three steps: defining strategies and methods of multi-agent, calculating virtual forces acting on an agent, and constructing immune operators and performing immunization during the evolutionary process. It is illustrated to be able to restrain the degenerate phenomenon effectively and improve the searching ability with high converging speed.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
In accordance with the characteristics of two motors system, the united math-ematic model of two-motors inverter system with v/f variable frequency speed-regulating is given. Two-motor inverter system can be decoupled by the neural network invert system, and changed into a sub-system of speed and a sub-system of tension. Multiple controllers are designed, and good results are obtained. The system has good static and dynamic performances and high anti-disturbance of load.
In accordance with the characteristics of two motors system, the united math-ematic model of two-motors inverter system with v/f variable frequency speed-regulating is given. Two-motor inverter system can be decoupled by the neural network invert system, and changed into a sub-system of speed and a sub-system of tension. Multiple controllers are designed, and good results are obtained. The system has good static and dynamic performances and high anti-disturbance of load.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
The reliability assessment of unit-system near two levels is the most important content in the reliability multi-level synthesis of complex systems. Introducing the information theory into system reliability assessment, using the addible characteristic of information quantity and the principle of equivalence of information quantity, an entropy method of data information conversion is presented for the system consisted of identical exponential units. The basic conversion formulae of entropy method of unit test data are derived based on the principle of information quantity equivalence. The general models of entropy method synthesis assessment for system reliability approximate lower limits are established according to the fundamental principle of the unit reliability assessment. The applications of the entropy method are discussed by way of practical examples. Compared with the traditional methods, the entropy method is found to be valid and practicable and the assessment results are very satisfactory.
The reliability assessment of unit-system near two levels is the most important content in the reliability multi-level synthesis of complex systems. Introducing the information theory into system reliability assessment, using the addible characteristic of information quantity and the principle of equivalence of information quantity, an entropy method of data information conversion is presented for the system consisted of identical exponential units. The basic conversion formulae of entropy method of unit test data are derived based on the principle of information quantity equivalence. The general models of entropy method synthesis assessment for system reliability approximate lower limits are established according to the fundamental principle of the unit reliability assessment. The applications of the entropy method are discussed by way of practical examples. Compared with the traditional methods, the entropy method is found to be valid and practicable and the assessment results are very satisfactory.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Based on a lot of numerical solutions to the problems of the thermal non-Newtonian elastohydrodynamic lubrication and some fatigue tests with rollers, the lubrication factor of involute spur gears (called gear for short) is investigated. The results suggest that gear lubrication effects bear close relations to a dimensionless parameter D which is synthetically determined by gearing rotational speed, load, material, dimension and lubricant viscosity. When D≤8, the gear fatigue life increases as the lubricant viscosity is increased; When D＞8, however, the life decreases with the viscosity addition, which is in marked contrast to the lubrication factor ZL recommended by the International Standard for Computing Cylindrical Gear Strength. At the end, a set of formulae for calculating gear lubrication factors suitable for different working conditions are advanced.
Based on a lot of numerical solutions to the problems of the thermal non-Newtonian elastohydrodynamic lubrication and some fatigue tests with rollers, the lubrication factor of involute spur gears (called gear for short) is investigated. The results suggest that gear lubrication effects bear close relations to a dimensionless parameter D which is synthetically determined by gearing rotational speed, load, material, dimension and lubricant viscosity. When D≤8, the gear fatigue life increases as the lubricant viscosity is increased; When D＞8, however, the life decreases with the viscosity addition, which is in marked contrast to the lubrication factor ZL recommended by the International Standard for Computing Cylindrical Gear Strength. At the end, a set of formulae for calculating gear lubrication factors suitable for different working conditions are advanced.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
Ni-Fe-C filler metal based on WC-30Co/Ni-Fe-C/45 steel is developed using TIG welding method. The weld joints are studied by means of optical microscope, SEM, EPMA, X-rays and micro hardness test etc. The results show that the weld joints of WC-30Co and 45 steel can be obtained by TIG welding using Ni-Fe-C alloys as filler metals. The harmful η phase formed in the joints is M6C, M12C type carbides. The poor carbon content of the W-Co-C system resulted from the carbon diffusion and the high ingredient Fe are the two vital factors inducing to η phase formation. It could be restricted by the addition of carbon element into Ni-Fe alloys.
Ni-Fe-C filler metal based on WC-30Co/Ni-Fe-C/45 steel is developed using TIG welding method. The weld joints are studied by means of optical microscope, SEM, EPMA, X-rays and micro hardness test etc. The results show that the weld joints of WC-30Co and 45 steel can be obtained by TIG welding using Ni-Fe-C alloys as filler metals. The harmful η phase formed in the joints is M6C, M12C type carbides. The poor carbon content of the W-Co-C system resulted from the carbon diffusion and the high ingredient Fe are the two vital factors inducing to η phase formation. It could be restricted by the addition of carbon element into Ni-Fe alloys.
2004, 18(4).
Abstract:
A translation-invariant based adaptive threshold denoising method for mechanical impact signal is proposed. Compared with traditional wavelet denoising methods, it suppresses pseudo-Gibbs phenomena in the neighborhood of signal discontinuities. To remedy the drawbacks of conventional threshold functions, a new improved threshold function is introduced. It possesses more advantages than others. Moreover, based on utilizing characteristics of signal, a adaptive threshold selection procedure for impact signal is proposed. It is data-driven and level-dependent, therefore, it is more rational than other threshold estimation methods. The proposed method is compared to alternative existing methods, and its superiority is revealed by simulation and real data examples.
A translation-invariant based adaptive threshold denoising method for mechanical impact signal is proposed. Compared with traditional wavelet denoising methods, it suppresses pseudo-Gibbs phenomena in the neighborhood of signal discontinuities. To remedy the drawbacks of conventional threshold functions, a new improved threshold function is introduced. It possesses more advantages than others. Moreover, based on utilizing characteristics of signal, a adaptive threshold selection procedure for impact signal is proposed. It is data-driven and level-dependent, therefore, it is more rational than other threshold estimation methods. The proposed method is compared to alternative existing methods, and its superiority is revealed by simulation and real data examples.
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