2005 Vol.18(2)
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2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A rapid, phenomenological model that predicts particulate matter (PM) emission of diesel engines is developed and formulated. The model is a chemical equilibrium composition model, and is based on the formation mechanisms of PM and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of diesel engines. It can evaluate the emission concentration of PM via the emission concentration of HC. To validate the model, experiments are carried out in two research diesel engines. Comparisons of the model results with the experimental data show good agreement. The model can be used to evaluate the concentration of PM emission of diesel engines under lack of PM measuring instruments. In addition, the model is useful for computer simulations of diesel engines, as well as electronic control unit (ECU) designs for electronically controlled diesel engines.
A rapid, phenomenological model that predicts particulate matter (PM) emission of diesel engines is developed and formulated. The model is a chemical equilibrium composition model, and is based on the formation mechanisms of PM and unburned hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of diesel engines. It can evaluate the emission concentration of PM via the emission concentration of HC. To validate the model, experiments are carried out in two research diesel engines. Comparisons of the model results with the experimental data show good agreement. The model can be used to evaluate the concentration of PM emission of diesel engines under lack of PM measuring instruments. In addition, the model is useful for computer simulations of diesel engines, as well as electronic control unit (ECU) designs for electronically controlled diesel engines.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
In view of difficulties concerned with direct measurement of excitations inside source equipments and their significant influence on vibration isolation effectiveness, a dynamical model, for vibration isolation of a rigid machine with six-degree-of-freedom mounted on a flexible foundation through multiple mounts, is analyzed, in which the complicated and multiple disturbances inside the machine are described as an equivalent excitation spectrum. And a method for the estimation of the equivalent excitation spectrum according to system dynamic responses is discussed for the quantitative prediction of isolation effectiveness. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results are demonstrated. Further work shows the quantitative prediction of transmitted power flow in a flexible vibration isolation experiment system using the proposed equivalent excitation spectrum method, by comparison with its testing results.
In view of difficulties concerned with direct measurement of excitations inside source equipments and their significant influence on vibration isolation effectiveness, a dynamical model, for vibration isolation of a rigid machine with six-degree-of-freedom mounted on a flexible foundation through multiple mounts, is analyzed, in which the complicated and multiple disturbances inside the machine are described as an equivalent excitation spectrum. And a method for the estimation of the equivalent excitation spectrum according to system dynamic responses is discussed for the quantitative prediction of isolation effectiveness. Both theoretical analysis and experimental results are demonstrated. Further work shows the quantitative prediction of transmitted power flow in a flexible vibration isolation experiment system using the proposed equivalent excitation spectrum method, by comparison with its testing results.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The rigid-interface friction model is usually used in the nonlinear vibration of the rectangular plate with dry friction support edges. The present study provides an extension by using a hysteretic spring friction model and taking account of the stick-slip motion of the plate. Results for a range of problem parameters have been obtained. The results show that the nonlinear frequency response behavior of the system can be quite different from the rigid-interface friction model. The effects of the stiffness at friction interfaces and the stick-slip motion on the nonlinear vibration of the plate are significant and hence cannot be neglected.
The rigid-interface friction model is usually used in the nonlinear vibration of the rectangular plate with dry friction support edges. The present study provides an extension by using a hysteretic spring friction model and taking account of the stick-slip motion of the plate. Results for a range of problem parameters have been obtained. The results show that the nonlinear frequency response behavior of the system can be quite different from the rigid-interface friction model. The effects of the stiffness at friction interfaces and the stick-slip motion on the nonlinear vibration of the plate are significant and hence cannot be neglected.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The velocity tracking control of a hydraulic servo system is studied. Since the dynamics of the system are highly nonlinear and have large extent of model uncertainties, such as big changes in load and parameters, a derivation and integral sliding mode variable structure control scheme (DI-SVSC) is proposed. An integral controller is introduced to avoid the assumption that the derivative of desired signal must be known in conventional sliding mode variable structure control, a nonlinear derivation controller is used to weaken the chattering of system. The design method of switching function in integral sliding mode control, nonlinear derivation coefficient and controllers of DI-SVSC is presented respectively. Simulation shows that the control approach is of nice robustness and improves velocity tracking accuracy considerably.
The velocity tracking control of a hydraulic servo system is studied. Since the dynamics of the system are highly nonlinear and have large extent of model uncertainties, such as big changes in load and parameters, a derivation and integral sliding mode variable structure control scheme (DI-SVSC) is proposed. An integral controller is introduced to avoid the assumption that the derivative of desired signal must be known in conventional sliding mode variable structure control, a nonlinear derivation controller is used to weaken the chattering of system. The design method of switching function in integral sliding mode control, nonlinear derivation coefficient and controllers of DI-SVSC is presented respectively. Simulation shows that the control approach is of nice robustness and improves velocity tracking accuracy considerably.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Zero mode natural frequency (ZMNF) is found during experiments. The ZMNF and vibrations resulted by it are studied. First, calculating method of the ZMNF excited by electromagnetic in vibrational system of coupled mechanics and electrics are given from the view of magnetic energy. Laws that the ZMNF varies with active power and exciting current are obtained and are verified by experiments. Then, coupled lateral and torsional vibration of rotor shaft system is studied by consid-ering rest eccentricity, rotating eccentricity and swing eccentricity. Using Largrange-Maxwell equa-tion when three phases are asymmetric derives differential equation of the coupled vibration. With energy method of nonlinear vibration, amplitude-frequency characteristics of resonance are studied when rotating speed of rotor equals to ZMNF. The results show that ZMNF will occur in turbine gen-erators by the action of electromagnetic. Because ZMNF varies with electromagnetic parameters, resonance can occur when exciting frequency of the rotor speed is fixed whereas exciting current change. And also find that a generator is in the state of large amplitude in rated exciting current.
Zero mode natural frequency (ZMNF) is found during experiments. The ZMNF and vibrations resulted by it are studied. First, calculating method of the ZMNF excited by electromagnetic in vibrational system of coupled mechanics and electrics are given from the view of magnetic energy. Laws that the ZMNF varies with active power and exciting current are obtained and are verified by experiments. Then, coupled lateral and torsional vibration of rotor shaft system is studied by consid-ering rest eccentricity, rotating eccentricity and swing eccentricity. Using Largrange-Maxwell equa-tion when three phases are asymmetric derives differential equation of the coupled vibration. With energy method of nonlinear vibration, amplitude-frequency characteristics of resonance are studied when rotating speed of rotor equals to ZMNF. The results show that ZMNF will occur in turbine gen-erators by the action of electromagnetic. Because ZMNF varies with electromagnetic parameters, resonance can occur when exciting frequency of the rotor speed is fixed whereas exciting current change. And also find that a generator is in the state of large amplitude in rated exciting current.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A new hydroforming process for manufacturing corrosion-resistant-alloy (CRA)-lined pipe is proposed to overcome the disadvantages in existing technologies, and a new kind of hydraulic expansion device for bimetallic CRA-lined pipe has been researched and developed. Its operational principal and technical characteristic is also introduced. The stress and strain in the liner and outer pipe during the hydroforming process have been analyzed and the mechanism of hydraulic expansion method is studied theoretically. The final forming pressure formula is suggested and the theoretical analysis is verified by experimental investigation. The results indicate that the new technology is feasible and can be applied in industrial production.
A new hydroforming process for manufacturing corrosion-resistant-alloy (CRA)-lined pipe is proposed to overcome the disadvantages in existing technologies, and a new kind of hydraulic expansion device for bimetallic CRA-lined pipe has been researched and developed. Its operational principal and technical characteristic is also introduced. The stress and strain in the liner and outer pipe during the hydroforming process have been analyzed and the mechanism of hydraulic expansion method is studied theoretically. The final forming pressure formula is suggested and the theoretical analysis is verified by experimental investigation. The results indicate that the new technology is feasible and can be applied in industrial production.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The principles for lifecycle safety guarantee of engineering structures are proposed, and the conception is developed for developing the safety guarantee system by integrating the monitoring system, analysis system and maintenance system together on the basis of multi-sensor, distribu-tion-measurement, data fusion and digital-signal-processor (DSP) technologies as well as three-dimensional (3D) fatigue fracture unified theory. As all the systems should work in situs and in real-time, micromation and integration are important. Damage detectability is introduced to clarify the relationship of life prediction and healthy monitoring or faulty diagnosis. The research work to realize the lifecycle safety guarantee system is summarized and perspectives for future efforts are outlined.
The principles for lifecycle safety guarantee of engineering structures are proposed, and the conception is developed for developing the safety guarantee system by integrating the monitoring system, analysis system and maintenance system together on the basis of multi-sensor, distribu-tion-measurement, data fusion and digital-signal-processor (DSP) technologies as well as three-dimensional (3D) fatigue fracture unified theory. As all the systems should work in situs and in real-time, micromation and integration are important. Damage detectability is introduced to clarify the relationship of life prediction and healthy monitoring or faulty diagnosis. The research work to realize the lifecycle safety guarantee system is summarized and perspectives for future efforts are outlined.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Theoretical and experimental research on multi-layer steel plates isolator are exploited. The relationship between the thickness, width, number of layers, radius, numbers of the rings, stiffness, inner friction force, energy dissipation coefficient of isolator are derived, and a mathematic model of hysteresis loop of isolator is obtained. Experimental results show that the calculation equation and mathematic model of hysteresis loop can satisfy with experimental results very well.
Theoretical and experimental research on multi-layer steel plates isolator are exploited. The relationship between the thickness, width, number of layers, radius, numbers of the rings, stiffness, inner friction force, energy dissipation coefficient of isolator are derived, and a mathematic model of hysteresis loop of isolator is obtained. Experimental results show that the calculation equation and mathematic model of hysteresis loop can satisfy with experimental results very well.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Several 2-D displacement sensing methods are reviewed. As to the cross diffraction grating, there is no absolute zero-reference. In regards to the optical fiber method, the output signal is affected greatly by the quality of the reflecting surface and it is hard to get high resolution. Considering the concentric-circle gratings, the displacement can only be gained with complicated calculating of the experiment data. Compared with the advantages and limitations of the methods above, a novel 2-D zero-reference mark is especially proposed and demonstrated. This kind of mark has an absolute zero-reference when used in pair, and the experimental result is simple to dispose. By superimposing a pair of specially coded 2-D marks, the correct alignment position of the two marks can be detected by the maximum output of the sharp intensity peak. And each slope of the peak is of good linearity which can be used to achieve high resolution in positioning and alignment in two dimensions. Design and fabrication of such 2-D zero-reference marks are introduced in detail. The experiment results are agreed with the theoretical ones.
Several 2-D displacement sensing methods are reviewed. As to the cross diffraction grating, there is no absolute zero-reference. In regards to the optical fiber method, the output signal is affected greatly by the quality of the reflecting surface and it is hard to get high resolution. Considering the concentric-circle gratings, the displacement can only be gained with complicated calculating of the experiment data. Compared with the advantages and limitations of the methods above, a novel 2-D zero-reference mark is especially proposed and demonstrated. This kind of mark has an absolute zero-reference when used in pair, and the experimental result is simple to dispose. By superimposing a pair of specially coded 2-D marks, the correct alignment position of the two marks can be detected by the maximum output of the sharp intensity peak. And each slope of the peak is of good linearity which can be used to achieve high resolution in positioning and alignment in two dimensions. Design and fabrication of such 2-D zero-reference marks are introduced in detail. The experiment results are agreed with the theoretical ones.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Cast blanks with large-scale free form surfaces are very difficult to manufacture because of significant casting distortions. It is concerned that the development and application of a hogging algorithm for preparing the blanks for an extended rough cutting. The procedure includes three main phases. They are the reconstruction of the free form surface with scattered points based on a special Hermite's interpolation, intersection of curved surfaces to define the hogging areas, and the tool path planning. The result shows that the algorithm is greatly valid in reducing the invalid tool paths so that the work efficiency can be improved remarkably.
Cast blanks with large-scale free form surfaces are very difficult to manufacture because of significant casting distortions. It is concerned that the development and application of a hogging algorithm for preparing the blanks for an extended rough cutting. The procedure includes three main phases. They are the reconstruction of the free form surface with scattered points based on a special Hermite's interpolation, intersection of curved surfaces to define the hogging areas, and the tool path planning. The result shows that the algorithm is greatly valid in reducing the invalid tool paths so that the work efficiency can be improved remarkably.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Based on spectrum principle and analyzing the infrared absorption spectrum of methane, a kind of optical fiber methane gas sensor and its system are developed. DFBLD(Distributed feedback laser diode) in 1 300 nm waveband is used as illuminant and phase-detecting technology is used to carry out harmonic wave detecting the concentration of methane. The sensitivity can arrive at 10–5. Experiments results show that the performance targets of the sensor such as sensitivity can basically satisfy the requests of methane detection.
Based on spectrum principle and analyzing the infrared absorption spectrum of methane, a kind of optical fiber methane gas sensor and its system are developed. DFBLD(Distributed feedback laser diode) in 1 300 nm waveband is used as illuminant and phase-detecting technology is used to carry out harmonic wave detecting the concentration of methane. The sensitivity can arrive at 10–5. Experiments results show that the performance targets of the sensor such as sensitivity can basically satisfy the requests of methane detection.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A non-linear dynamic model of one type of high-speed rotor system with gas supporting system is set up. The laws between the capacity force and the parameters of bearing, the static equilibrium position and rotating speed are studied on the basis of above model. Then, the failure rotating speed is given in the working state, and the relation between the minimum failure rotating speed and clearance of bearing is also studied. At last, the stability and failure condition are discussed in different working conditions.
A non-linear dynamic model of one type of high-speed rotor system with gas supporting system is set up. The laws between the capacity force and the parameters of bearing, the static equilibrium position and rotating speed are studied on the basis of above model. Then, the failure rotating speed is given in the working state, and the relation between the minimum failure rotating speed and clearance of bearing is also studied. At last, the stability and failure condition are discussed in different working conditions.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The computation algorithm of knot point planning for Cartesian trajectory generation of manipulator is investigated. A novel inheritance bisection algorithm (IBA) based on conventional bisection algorithm (BA) is proposed. IBA has two steps. The first step is the 1st knot point planning under lower set position accuracy; the second step is the 2nd knot point planning that inherits the results of the 1st planning under higher set position accuracy. The simulation results reveal that the number of inverse kinematical calculation (IKC) caused by IBA is decreased compared with BA. IBA is more efficient to plan knot points.
The computation algorithm of knot point planning for Cartesian trajectory generation of manipulator is investigated. A novel inheritance bisection algorithm (IBA) based on conventional bisection algorithm (BA) is proposed. IBA has two steps. The first step is the 1st knot point planning under lower set position accuracy; the second step is the 2nd knot point planning that inherits the results of the 1st planning under higher set position accuracy. The simulation results reveal that the number of inverse kinematical calculation (IKC) caused by IBA is decreased compared with BA. IBA is more efficient to plan knot points.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Aiming to deficiency of the filter and wrapper feature selection methods, a new method based on composite method of filter and wrapper method is proposed. First the method filters original features to form a feature subset which can meet classification correctness rate, then applies wrapper feature selection method select optimal feature subset. A successful technique for solving optimization problems is given by genetic algorithm (GA). GA is applied to the problem of optimal feature selection. The composite method saves computing time several times of the wrapper method with holding the classification accuracy in data simulation and experiment on bearing fault feature selection. So this method possesses excellent optimization property, can save more selection time, and has the characteristics of high accuracy and high efficiency.
Aiming to deficiency of the filter and wrapper feature selection methods, a new method based on composite method of filter and wrapper method is proposed. First the method filters original features to form a feature subset which can meet classification correctness rate, then applies wrapper feature selection method select optimal feature subset. A successful technique for solving optimization problems is given by genetic algorithm (GA). GA is applied to the problem of optimal feature selection. The composite method saves computing time several times of the wrapper method with holding the classification accuracy in data simulation and experiment on bearing fault feature selection. So this method possesses excellent optimization property, can save more selection time, and has the characteristics of high accuracy and high efficiency.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A mathematic model is built up to analyze the influences of a pilot valve's leakage on the performances of pneumatic pressure proportional valve, and the performances are simulated by using MATLAB. The results indicate that using slide pilot valve in the valve system is feasible, but the leakage's influences can not be neglected, especially it may induce instability in a low output pressure situation. A pilot valve using too large throttle window will cause the valve oscillate. To improve the working condition of pilot valve, a method adopting different widths of two throttle window is proposed. According to our simulation, this method balances the pressure drop between the two stage throttle ports, and reduces the influences of pilot valve's leakage.
A mathematic model is built up to analyze the influences of a pilot valve's leakage on the performances of pneumatic pressure proportional valve, and the performances are simulated by using MATLAB. The results indicate that using slide pilot valve in the valve system is feasible, but the leakage's influences can not be neglected, especially it may induce instability in a low output pressure situation. A pilot valve using too large throttle window will cause the valve oscillate. To improve the working condition of pilot valve, a method adopting different widths of two throttle window is proposed. According to our simulation, this method balances the pressure drop between the two stage throttle ports, and reduces the influences of pilot valve's leakage.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
An improved Narendra model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is proposed to research one variable displacement pump driving four hydraulic variable displacement motors. This approach not only ensures the underdamped and unstable system be global uniform asymptotic stability, but also has good robustness in these aspects of modeling uncertainty, pressure fluctuation of constant pressure network, and disturbance from external load, which also upgrades the rapidity of system response so as to make controlled system with nicer dynamic quality. The scheme of one pump driving four mo-tors can meet the demand on off-road mobility of engineering vehicles and armored cars. A proof of stability about improved Narendra MRAC scheme is also given.
An improved Narendra model reference adaptive control (MRAC) scheme is proposed to research one variable displacement pump driving four hydraulic variable displacement motors. This approach not only ensures the underdamped and unstable system be global uniform asymptotic stability, but also has good robustness in these aspects of modeling uncertainty, pressure fluctuation of constant pressure network, and disturbance from external load, which also upgrades the rapidity of system response so as to make controlled system with nicer dynamic quality. The scheme of one pump driving four mo-tors can meet the demand on off-road mobility of engineering vehicles and armored cars. A proof of stability about improved Narendra MRAC scheme is also given.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The principle of intensified dewatering with expression-type decanter is analyzed, the factors affecting dewatering of expression-type decanter are studied and the structural features of expression-type decanter are introduced. It is proven through the sludge dewatering experiments in the municipal sewage treatment factories of different regions that this expression-type decanter developed can satisfy the technical requirements of sludge dewatering in municipal sewage treatment.
The principle of intensified dewatering with expression-type decanter is analyzed, the factors affecting dewatering of expression-type decanter are studied and the structural features of expression-type decanter are introduced. It is proven through the sludge dewatering experiments in the municipal sewage treatment factories of different regions that this expression-type decanter developed can satisfy the technical requirements of sludge dewatering in municipal sewage treatment.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.
Based upon empirical mode decomposition (EMD) method and Hilbert spectrum, a method for fault diagnosis of roller bearing is proposed. The orthogonal wavelet bases are used to translate vibration signals of a roller bearing into time-scale representation, then, an envelope signal can be obtained by envelope spectrum analysis of wavelet coefficients of high scales. By applying EMD method and Hilbert transform to the envelope signal, we can get the local Hilbert marginal spectrum from which the faults in a roller bearing can be diagnosed and fault patterns can be identified. Practical vibration signals measured from roller bearings with out-race faults or inner-race faults are analyzed by the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method is superior to the traditional envelope spectrum method in extracting the fault characteristics of roller bearings.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The method of extracting the basic features of part from the file of STEP AP214 of 3-D model is proposed. All faces in the file are the minimal elements. The combination is done for the faces with geometry restrictions and some attributes by the theory of the best alphabetic tree which is constructed by HU－TUCKER algorithm in combination principle. So the basic features could be attained. This provides the research basis to the more share and integration of CAD information in the virtual enterprises. Finally, a case is used to illustrate the validity of the approach.
The method of extracting the basic features of part from the file of STEP AP214 of 3-D model is proposed. All faces in the file are the minimal elements. The combination is done for the faces with geometry restrictions and some attributes by the theory of the best alphabetic tree which is constructed by HU－TUCKER algorithm in combination principle. So the basic features could be attained. This provides the research basis to the more share and integration of CAD information in the virtual enterprises. Finally, a case is used to illustrate the validity of the approach.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time control algorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach with incorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize the engine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, while satisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench test is carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS to control the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulink environment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors of the engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid car control system and validated by vehicle field tests.
Energy management strategy (EMS) is the core of the real-time control algorithm of the hybrid electric vehicle (HEV). A novel EMS using the logic threshold approach with incorporation of a stand-by optimization algorithm is proposed. The aim of it is to minimize the engine fuel consumption and maintain the battery state of charge (SOC) in its operation range, while satisfying the vehicle performance and drivability requirements. The hybrid powertrain bench test is carried out to collect data of the engine, motor and battery pack, which are used in the EMS to control the powertrain. Computer simulation model of the HEV is established in the MATLAB/Simulink environment according to the bench test results. Simulation results are presented for behaviors of the engine, motor and battery. The proposed EMS is implemented for a real parallel hybrid car control system and validated by vehicle field tests.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A state equation for radical 4-degree-of-freedom active magnetic bearings is built, and the approach on how to use linear quadratic method of optical control theory to design a centralized and decentralized parameters control system is introduced, and also Matlab language is used to simulate and analyze. The simulation results have proved that the differences are small between centralized parameters and decentralized parameters control system. The conclusions of experiments have shown that decentralized controllers designed from optimal state feedback theory meet the requirements of active magnetic bearing system. The vibration amplitude of the rotor is about 20 µm when the speed of the rotor runs between 0 to 60 000 r/min. This method may be used in the study and design of controllers of magnetic bearings.
A state equation for radical 4-degree-of-freedom active magnetic bearings is built, and the approach on how to use linear quadratic method of optical control theory to design a centralized and decentralized parameters control system is introduced, and also Matlab language is used to simulate and analyze. The simulation results have proved that the differences are small between centralized parameters and decentralized parameters control system. The conclusions of experiments have shown that decentralized controllers designed from optimal state feedback theory meet the requirements of active magnetic bearing system. The vibration amplitude of the rotor is about 20 µm when the speed of the rotor runs between 0 to 60 000 r/min. This method may be used in the study and design of controllers of magnetic bearings.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A unilateral non-penetration constraint dynamical simulation model with friction is constructed based on compliant model for mechanical system VP (virtual prototyping) simulation. This model combines computer graphics with multi-body system dynamics. It avoids handling multiplicity of solution, such as cases of no solution, multi-solution brought about by friction during traditional construction of non-penetration constraint based on rigid model. At the same time, the realism of VE (virtual environment) is improved in process of simulation. Furthermore, the valid condition of rolling and sliding unilateral contact is constituted based on singular perturbation and linear complementary theory. Finally, the compliant method is verified by an interaction between a multi-legged robot and VE.
A unilateral non-penetration constraint dynamical simulation model with friction is constructed based on compliant model for mechanical system VP (virtual prototyping) simulation. This model combines computer graphics with multi-body system dynamics. It avoids handling multiplicity of solution, such as cases of no solution, multi-solution brought about by friction during traditional construction of non-penetration constraint based on rigid model. At the same time, the realism of VE (virtual environment) is improved in process of simulation. Furthermore, the valid condition of rolling and sliding unilateral contact is constituted based on singular perturbation and linear complementary theory. Finally, the compliant method is verified by an interaction between a multi-legged robot and VE.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
By formulating the design of customized product as a multi-objective optimization problem, a method for designing customized product according to the relative importance of customer needs is proposed. This method searches for the optimal design that maximizes customer satisfaction by establishing mapping from design attributes to the degree of customer satisfaction on each customer need. A window product is taken as an example for case study. The result indicates that this method is feasible.
By formulating the design of customized product as a multi-objective optimization problem, a method for designing customized product according to the relative importance of customer needs is proposed. This method searches for the optimal design that maximizes customer satisfaction by establishing mapping from design attributes to the degree of customer satisfaction on each customer need. A window product is taken as an example for case study. The result indicates that this method is feasible.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
For the outputs of two nth-order linear control systems to work in synchronization and meanwhile to track their commands, a H¥ synchronization control scheme is presented. In terms of two uncoupled single variable linear systems, a multivariable coupled system is established by choosing one output and the difference of the two outputs as a new output vector, so that both command tracking and synchronization properties can be demonstrated by a H¥ performance index. To improve the synchronization and tracking performance and to guarantee the system robust stability, the mixed sensitivity H¥ design methodology is adopted. The presented synchronization scheme is then extended to the case where one of the two systems include two input variables, and then applied to the position synchronization control of a wafer-retical stage. The wafer-reticle stage consists of a wafer stage, a reticle coarse stage, and a reticle fine stage. The reticle coarse stage picks up the reticle fine stage. The three stages ought to tack their commands, but synchronization between the wafer stage and the reticle fine stage must be stressed in the tracking process. In the application, by appropriately determining the weighting matrices for the sensitivity function and the complementary sensitivity function, a satisfactory H¥ synchronization controller is obtained to realize highly accurate position synchronization, and to guarantee tracking performance. The above results are verified by simulation experiments.
For the outputs of two nth-order linear control systems to work in synchronization and meanwhile to track their commands, a H¥ synchronization control scheme is presented. In terms of two uncoupled single variable linear systems, a multivariable coupled system is established by choosing one output and the difference of the two outputs as a new output vector, so that both command tracking and synchronization properties can be demonstrated by a H¥ performance index. To improve the synchronization and tracking performance and to guarantee the system robust stability, the mixed sensitivity H¥ design methodology is adopted. The presented synchronization scheme is then extended to the case where one of the two systems include two input variables, and then applied to the position synchronization control of a wafer-retical stage. The wafer-reticle stage consists of a wafer stage, a reticle coarse stage, and a reticle fine stage. The reticle coarse stage picks up the reticle fine stage. The three stages ought to tack their commands, but synchronization between the wafer stage and the reticle fine stage must be stressed in the tracking process. In the application, by appropriately determining the weighting matrices for the sensitivity function and the complementary sensitivity function, a satisfactory H¥ synchronization controller is obtained to realize highly accurate position synchronization, and to guarantee tracking performance. The above results are verified by simulation experiments.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Finite element model updating method based on global information is proposed. Prior investigation upon design space of structural parameters is performed before updating using statistic analysis, including parameter screening using variance analysis and response surface fitting using regression analysis. The parameter screening method selects the design parameters considering the result of hypothesis testing, which is a kind of global information. Meanwhile, the traditional updating method considers local sensitivity which only gives the information at sole point in the design space. Response surface fitting constructs a close-form multinomial which describes the relationship between concerned structural feature and selected updating parameters. It is an approximation to finite element models(FEM) and used as a substitution in the updating iterations. The presented updating method can be applied without the restriction of linear assumption. In addition, there is no data exchange between the updating program and the finite element analysis program in the updating iterations. This makes the method practical in engineering. An aircraft test structure, GARTEUR, is employed to verify the effectiveness of the method. After updating, the error of modal frequencies is less than 3%.
Finite element model updating method based on global information is proposed. Prior investigation upon design space of structural parameters is performed before updating using statistic analysis, including parameter screening using variance analysis and response surface fitting using regression analysis. The parameter screening method selects the design parameters considering the result of hypothesis testing, which is a kind of global information. Meanwhile, the traditional updating method considers local sensitivity which only gives the information at sole point in the design space. Response surface fitting constructs a close-form multinomial which describes the relationship between concerned structural feature and selected updating parameters. It is an approximation to finite element models(FEM) and used as a substitution in the updating iterations. The presented updating method can be applied without the restriction of linear assumption. In addition, there is no data exchange between the updating program and the finite element analysis program in the updating iterations. This makes the method practical in engineering. An aircraft test structure, GARTEUR, is employed to verify the effectiveness of the method. After updating, the error of modal frequencies is less than 3%.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A model for conceptual design of mechanical devices is studied based on qualitative simulation. In this model, the desired functions are expressed by state-transit-diagrams(ST-diagrams) and design space is represented by qualitative-state-curves(QS-curves). The first design idea, called seeds idea, is proposed by the designer and then is abstracted into QS-curves. The qualitative simulation is implemented based on the QS-curves. By changing the motion of acting parts, the connection of parts and the motion of driving part, new design ideas are generated. With this model, a series of new design ideas derived from the seeds idea can be achieved.
A model for conceptual design of mechanical devices is studied based on qualitative simulation. In this model, the desired functions are expressed by state-transit-diagrams(ST-diagrams) and design space is represented by qualitative-state-curves(QS-curves). The first design idea, called seeds idea, is proposed by the designer and then is abstracted into QS-curves. The qualitative simulation is implemented based on the QS-curves. By changing the motion of acting parts, the connection of parts and the motion of driving part, new design ideas are generated. With this model, a series of new design ideas derived from the seeds idea can be achieved.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A method of applying maximum entropy probability density estimation approach to constituting diagnostic criterions of oil monitoring data is presented. The method promotes the precision of diagnostic criterions for evaluating the wear state of mechanical facilities, and judging abnormal data. According to the critical boundary points defined, a new measure on monitoring wear state and identifying probable wear faults can be got. The method can be applied to spectrometric analysis and direct reading ferrographic analysis. On the basis of the analysis and discussion of two examples of 8NVD48A-2U diesel engines, the practicality is proved to be an effective method in oil monitoring.
A method of applying maximum entropy probability density estimation approach to constituting diagnostic criterions of oil monitoring data is presented. The method promotes the precision of diagnostic criterions for evaluating the wear state of mechanical facilities, and judging abnormal data. According to the critical boundary points defined, a new measure on monitoring wear state and identifying probable wear faults can be got. The method can be applied to spectrometric analysis and direct reading ferrographic analysis. On the basis of the analysis and discussion of two examples of 8NVD48A-2U diesel engines, the practicality is proved to be an effective method in oil monitoring.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The biotic branch nets are extreme high-tech product. In order to achieve a certain functional objective, they can adjust their growth direction and growth velocity by according to the varying growth environment. An innovative and effective methodology of topology design optimization based on the growth mechanism of biotic branch nets is suggested, and it is applied to a layout design problem of a conductive cooling channel in a heat transfer system. The effectiveness of the method is validated by the FEM analysis.
The biotic branch nets are extreme high-tech product. In order to achieve a certain functional objective, they can adjust their growth direction and growth velocity by according to the varying growth environment. An innovative and effective methodology of topology design optimization based on the growth mechanism of biotic branch nets is suggested, and it is applied to a layout design problem of a conductive cooling channel in a heat transfer system. The effectiveness of the method is validated by the FEM analysis.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
To overcome the design limitations of traditional hydraulic control system for synthetic rubber press and such faults as high fault rate, low reliability, high energy-consuming and which always led to shutting down of post-treatment product line for synthetic rubber, brand-new hydraulic system combining with PC control and two-way cartridge valves for the press is developed, whose reliability is analyzed, reliability model of the hydraulic system for the press is established by analyzing processing steps, and reliability simulation of each step and the whole system is carried out by software MATLAB, which is verified through reliability test. The fixed time test has proved not that theory analysis is sound, but the system has characteristics of reasonable design and high reliability, and can lower the required power supply and operational energy cost.
To overcome the design limitations of traditional hydraulic control system for synthetic rubber press and such faults as high fault rate, low reliability, high energy-consuming and which always led to shutting down of post-treatment product line for synthetic rubber, brand-new hydraulic system combining with PC control and two-way cartridge valves for the press is developed, whose reliability is analyzed, reliability model of the hydraulic system for the press is established by analyzing processing steps, and reliability simulation of each step and the whole system is carried out by software MATLAB, which is verified through reliability test. The fixed time test has proved not that theory analysis is sound, but the system has characteristics of reasonable design and high reliability, and can lower the required power supply and operational energy cost.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The problem of constructing curve on parametric surface (or surface that can be parameterized) such that it interpolates a sequence of points with prescribed tangent direction and curvature vector (or geodesic curvature) at every point and the issue of curve blending on this kind of surface are researched. The mapping and tangent mapping from the surface to its parametric plane are introduced and thus several conclusions with differential geometry are deduced. Based on those conclusions, the problem of interpolating (or blending) curve on a parametric surface is converted to a similar one on its parametric plane. The final solution curve of either interpolation or blending issue is explicit and can still be expressed by parametric form. And so, unlike existing methods, the presented method needs not to use any surface/ surface intersection algorithms, usually a troublesome process, for displaying such interpolation curve. Experiment results show the presented methods are feasible and applicable to CAD/CAM and computer graphics.
The problem of constructing curve on parametric surface (or surface that can be parameterized) such that it interpolates a sequence of points with prescribed tangent direction and curvature vector (or geodesic curvature) at every point and the issue of curve blending on this kind of surface are researched. The mapping and tangent mapping from the surface to its parametric plane are introduced and thus several conclusions with differential geometry are deduced. Based on those conclusions, the problem of interpolating (or blending) curve on a parametric surface is converted to a similar one on its parametric plane. The final solution curve of either interpolation or blending issue is explicit and can still be expressed by parametric form. And so, unlike existing methods, the presented method needs not to use any surface/ surface intersection algorithms, usually a troublesome process, for displaying such interpolation curve. Experiment results show the presented methods are feasible and applicable to CAD/CAM and computer graphics.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A new method to eliminate the oil whip online is put forward by use of passive electromagnetic damper. The damper works contactless and with DC current. Neither sensor nor closed loop control is needed. The dynamic equations of rotor-bearing system are built up by combining d'Alemdert principle with Rize way, and the nonlinear oil film forces based on unsteady short bearing model are coupled to system. Such nonlinear equations are numerically solved by Newmark integration method. The calculated results show that the bifurcation behavior of the system can be changed and the oil whip of the rotor may be well damped by external damping. The bifurcation diagrams also show that the subharmonic vibration amplitude decreases in motion and the speed at which the system losses its stability increases obviously by exerting external damping. Then experiments are carried out to demonstrate this phenomenon. It is observed that the complex trajectories of the journal motion are disappeared and the rotor-bearing system became stable when the power of passive electromagnetic damper is turned on. The experiments have good repeatability.
A new method to eliminate the oil whip online is put forward by use of passive electromagnetic damper. The damper works contactless and with DC current. Neither sensor nor closed loop control is needed. The dynamic equations of rotor-bearing system are built up by combining d'Alemdert principle with Rize way, and the nonlinear oil film forces based on unsteady short bearing model are coupled to system. Such nonlinear equations are numerically solved by Newmark integration method. The calculated results show that the bifurcation behavior of the system can be changed and the oil whip of the rotor may be well damped by external damping. The bifurcation diagrams also show that the subharmonic vibration amplitude decreases in motion and the speed at which the system losses its stability increases obviously by exerting external damping. Then experiments are carried out to demonstrate this phenomenon. It is observed that the complex trajectories of the journal motion are disappeared and the rotor-bearing system became stable when the power of passive electromagnetic damper is turned on. The experiments have good repeatability.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
Numerical simulations are performed both for the single airflow and air-PM two-phase flow in wall flow diesel particulate filters (DPF) for the first time. The calculation domain is divided into two regions. In the inlet and outlet flow channels, the simulations are performed for the steady and laminar flow; In the porous filtration walls, the calculation model for flow in porous media is used. The Lagrange two-phase flow model is used to calculate the air-PM flow in DPF, for the dispersed phase (PM), its flow tracks are obtained by the integrating of the Lagrange kinetic equation. The calculated velocity, pressure distribution and PM flow tracks in DPF are obtained, which exhibits the main flow characteristics in wall flow DPF and will be help for the optimal design and performance prediction of wall flow DPF.
Numerical simulations are performed both for the single airflow and air-PM two-phase flow in wall flow diesel particulate filters (DPF) for the first time. The calculation domain is divided into two regions. In the inlet and outlet flow channels, the simulations are performed for the steady and laminar flow; In the porous filtration walls, the calculation model for flow in porous media is used. The Lagrange two-phase flow model is used to calculate the air-PM flow in DPF, for the dispersed phase (PM), its flow tracks are obtained by the integrating of the Lagrange kinetic equation. The calculated velocity, pressure distribution and PM flow tracks in DPF are obtained, which exhibits the main flow characteristics in wall flow DPF and will be help for the optimal design and performance prediction of wall flow DPF.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A theory model is established to de-scribe the voltage-current response function. The peak amplitude and the zero-crossing time of the transient signal is extracted as the imaging features, array pulsed eddy current (PEC) imaging is proposed to detect corrosion. The test results show that this system has the advantage of fast scanning speed, different imaging mode and quantitative detection, it has a broad application in the aviation nondestructive testing.
A theory model is established to de-scribe the voltage-current response function. The peak amplitude and the zero-crossing time of the transient signal is extracted as the imaging features, array pulsed eddy current (PEC) imaging is proposed to detect corrosion. The test results show that this system has the advantage of fast scanning speed, different imaging mode and quantitative detection, it has a broad application in the aviation nondestructive testing.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A low-power CO2 laser is used to deposit Fe powder and mixture of Fe and carbon powder on substrates respectively, and the macro and micro-structure of the formed samples are investigated. It is demonstrated that most grains of these samples are equi-axed. This is derived from the high nucleation velocity in the shallow melt pool besides rapid solidification of the liquid-state alloy or metal. Bainitic structure, combination of pearlite and ferrite structure and ferrite structure are seen respectively in the samples involving various amounts of carbon owing to no martensitic transforma-tion in these small samples.
A low-power CO2 laser is used to deposit Fe powder and mixture of Fe and carbon powder on substrates respectively, and the macro and micro-structure of the formed samples are investigated. It is demonstrated that most grains of these samples are equi-axed. This is derived from the high nucleation velocity in the shallow melt pool besides rapid solidification of the liquid-state alloy or metal. Bainitic structure, combination of pearlite and ferrite structure and ferrite structure are seen respectively in the samples involving various amounts of carbon owing to no martensitic transforma-tion in these small samples.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A two-phase approach is proposed to deal with the integration problem in the loop layout. Tabu search is applied to cell construction in phase 1 to minimize the inter-cell flow, and the heuristic for layout design is used as phase 2 to optimize the sum of intra-cell and inter-cell transportation cost. The final computational results demonstrate the validation of the two-phase approach.
A two-phase approach is proposed to deal with the integration problem in the loop layout. Tabu search is applied to cell construction in phase 1 to minimize the inter-cell flow, and the heuristic for layout design is used as phase 2 to optimize the sum of intra-cell and inter-cell transportation cost. The final computational results demonstrate the validation of the two-phase approach.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
The microstructure of surface peeling in finish rolled Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P sheet is analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscope. Fe-rich areas of different contents are observed in the matrix. The stress distributions and strain characteristics at the interface between Cu matrix and Fe particle are studied by elastic-plastic finite element plane strain model. Larger Fe particles and higher deforming extent of finish rolling are attributed to the intense stress gradient and significant non-homogeneity equivalent strain at the interface and accelerate surface peeling of Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P lead frame sheet.
The microstructure of surface peeling in finish rolled Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P sheet is analyzed by scanning electron microscope and energy dispersive spectroscope. Fe-rich areas of different contents are observed in the matrix. The stress distributions and strain characteristics at the interface between Cu matrix and Fe particle are studied by elastic-plastic finite element plane strain model. Larger Fe particles and higher deforming extent of finish rolling are attributed to the intense stress gradient and significant non-homogeneity equivalent strain at the interface and accelerate surface peeling of Cu-0.1Fe-0.03P lead frame sheet.
2005, 19(2).
Abstract:
A method for the calculation of the sensitivity factors of the rolling process has been obtained by differentiating the roll force model based on support vector machine. It can eliminate the algebraic loop of the analytical model of the rolling process. The simulations in the first stand of five stand cold tandem rolling mill indicate that the calculation for sensitivities by this proposed method can obtain a good accuracy, and an appropriate adjustment on the control variables determined directly by the sensitivity has an excellent compensation accuracy. Moreover, the roll gap has larger effect on the exit thickness than both front tension and back tension, and it is more efficient to select the roll gap as the control variable of the thickness control system in the first stand.
A method for the calculation of the sensitivity factors of the rolling process has been obtained by differentiating the roll force model based on support vector machine. It can eliminate the algebraic loop of the analytical model of the rolling process. The simulations in the first stand of five stand cold tandem rolling mill indicate that the calculation for sensitivities by this proposed method can obtain a good accuracy, and an appropriate adjustment on the control variables determined directly by the sensitivity has an excellent compensation accuracy. Moreover, the roll gap has larger effect on the exit thickness than both front tension and back tension, and it is more efficient to select the roll gap as the control variable of the thickness control system in the first stand.
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