2006 Vol.19(4)
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CONVEX CONTROLLER DESIGN APPLIED TO AC INDUCTION MOTORTO SATISFY MULTIPLESIMULTANEOUS SPECIFICATIONS
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The application of a closed-loop specification oriented feedback control design method, which addresses the design of controllers to satisfy multiple simultaneous conflicting closed-loop performance specifications is presented. The proposed approach is well suited to the design of con-trollers which must meet a set of conflicting performance specifications. Gain tuning is central to the design process, however, the tuning process is greatly simplified over that presented by the problem of tuning a PID controller for example. The proposed control method is applied to an AC induction motor, with an inner-loop flux vector controller applied to design a position control system. Experi-mental results verify the effectiveness of this method.
The application of a closed-loop specification oriented feedback control design method, which addresses the design of controllers to satisfy multiple simultaneous conflicting closed-loop performance specifications is presented. The proposed approach is well suited to the design of con-trollers which must meet a set of conflicting performance specifications. Gain tuning is central to the design process, however, the tuning process is greatly simplified over that presented by the problem of tuning a PID controller for example. The proposed control method is applied to an AC induction motor, with an inner-loop flux vector controller applied to design a position control system. Experi-mental results verify the effectiveness of this method.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The adjacent matrix method for identifying isomorphism to planar kinematic chain with multiple joints and higher pairs is presented. The topological invariants of the planar kinematic chain can be calculated and compared by adjacent matrix. The quantity of calculation can be reduced effectively using the several divisions of bars and the reconfiguration of the adjacent matrix. As two structural characteristics of adjacent matrix, the number of division and division code are presented. It can be identified that two kinematic chains are isomorphic or not by comparing the structural charac- teristics of their adjacent matrixes using a method called matching row-to-row. This method may be applied to the planar linkage chain too. So, the methods of identifying isomorphism are unified in the planar kinematic chain that has or hasn’t higher pairs with or without multiple joints. And it has some characters such as visual, simple and convenient for processing by computer, and so on.
The adjacent matrix method for identifying isomorphism to planar kinematic chain with multiple joints and higher pairs is presented. The topological invariants of the planar kinematic chain can be calculated and compared by adjacent matrix. The quantity of calculation can be reduced effectively using the several divisions of bars and the reconfiguration of the adjacent matrix. As two structural characteristics of adjacent matrix, the number of division and division code are presented. It can be identified that two kinematic chains are isomorphic or not by comparing the structural charac- teristics of their adjacent matrixes using a method called matching row-to-row. This method may be applied to the planar linkage chain too. So, the methods of identifying isomorphism are unified in the planar kinematic chain that has or hasn’t higher pairs with or without multiple joints. And it has some characters such as visual, simple and convenient for processing by computer, and so on.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
In order to assess the performance of a new cleansing and combustion-improving gasoline additive (MAZ), and to explore the evaluation methods of additives, two engines with the same model number and performance indices, fueled with and without the MAZ gasoline additive respectively, are carried through 100 h strenuous tests on a bench. The results obtained in full load characteristic and load characteristics of different operational modes are compared. It indicates that the power, economy and emission of the engine fueled with the MAZ additive all have obvious improvement in comparison with the engine without adding the additive: the power increasing by 16.43%, specific fuel con-sumption (SFC) decreasing 5.39%, and the emission of CO, HC and Nox falling by 28.61%, 54.38% and 10.1% respectively. Wear and tear of the engine cylinder is weakened, and sediment of combus-tion chamber inner side is reduced. In addition, no negative effect on the catalytic conversion device is found.
In order to assess the performance of a new cleansing and combustion-improving gasoline additive (MAZ), and to explore the evaluation methods of additives, two engines with the same model number and performance indices, fueled with and without the MAZ gasoline additive respectively, are carried through 100 h strenuous tests on a bench. The results obtained in full load characteristic and load characteristics of different operational modes are compared. It indicates that the power, economy and emission of the engine fueled with the MAZ additive all have obvious improvement in comparison with the engine without adding the additive: the power increasing by 16.43%, specific fuel con-sumption (SFC) decreasing 5.39%, and the emission of CO, HC and Nox falling by 28.61%, 54.38% and 10.1% respectively. Wear and tear of the engine cylinder is weakened, and sediment of combus-tion chamber inner side is reduced. In addition, no negative effect on the catalytic conversion device is found.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
In order to get atomic smooth rigid disk substrate surface, ultra-fined alumina slurry and nanometer silica slurry are prepared, and two steps chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) of rigid disk substrate in the two slurries are studied. The results show that, during the first step CMP in the alumina slurry, a high material removal rate is reached, and the average roughness (Ra) and the average waviness (Wa) of the polished surfaces can be decreased from previous 1.4 nm and 1.6 nm to about 0.6 nm and 0.7 nm, respectively. By using the nanometer silica slurry and optimized polishing process parameters in the second step CMP, the Ra and the Wa of the polished surfaces can be further reduced to 0.038 nm and 0.06 nm, respectively. Atom force microscopy (AFM) analysis shows that the final polished surfaces are ultra-smooth without micro-defects.
In order to get atomic smooth rigid disk substrate surface, ultra-fined alumina slurry and nanometer silica slurry are prepared, and two steps chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) of rigid disk substrate in the two slurries are studied. The results show that, during the first step CMP in the alumina slurry, a high material removal rate is reached, and the average roughness (Ra) and the average waviness (Wa) of the polished surfaces can be decreased from previous 1.4 nm and 1.6 nm to about 0.6 nm and 0.7 nm, respectively. By using the nanometer silica slurry and optimized polishing process parameters in the second step CMP, the Ra and the Wa of the polished surfaces can be further reduced to 0.038 nm and 0.06 nm, respectively. Atom force microscopy (AFM) analysis shows that the final polished surfaces are ultra-smooth without micro-defects.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Based on the analysis of features of the grid-based clustering method—clustering in quest (CLIQUE) and density-based clustering method—density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), a new clustering algorithm named cooperative clustering based on grid and density (CLGRID) is presented. The new algorithm adopts an equivalent rule of regional inquiry and density unit identification. The central region of one class is calculated by the grid-based method and the margin region by a density-based method. By clustering in two phases and using only a small number of seed objects in representative units to expand the cluster, the frequency of region query can be decreased, and consequently the cost of time is reduced. The new algorithm retains positive features of both grid-based and density-based methods and avoids the difficulty of parameter searching. It can discover clusters of arbitrary shape with high efficiency and is not sensitive to noise. The application of CLGRID on test data sets demonstrates its validity and higher efficiency, which contrast with tradi-tional DBSCAN with R* tree.
Based on the analysis of features of the grid-based clustering method—clustering in quest (CLIQUE) and density-based clustering method—density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN), a new clustering algorithm named cooperative clustering based on grid and density (CLGRID) is presented. The new algorithm adopts an equivalent rule of regional inquiry and density unit identification. The central region of one class is calculated by the grid-based method and the margin region by a density-based method. By clustering in two phases and using only a small number of seed objects in representative units to expand the cluster, the frequency of region query can be decreased, and consequently the cost of time is reduced. The new algorithm retains positive features of both grid-based and density-based methods and avoids the difficulty of parameter searching. It can discover clusters of arbitrary shape with high efficiency and is not sensitive to noise. The application of CLGRID on test data sets demonstrates its validity and higher efficiency, which contrast with tradi-tional DBSCAN with R* tree.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Various methods of tyre modelling are implemented from pure theoretical to empirical or semi-empirical models based on experimental results. A new way of representing tyre data obtained from measurements is presented via support vector machines (SVMs). The feasibility of applying SVMs to steady-state tyre modelling is investigated by comparison with three-layer backpropagation (BP) neural network at pure slip and combined slip. The results indicate SVMs outperform the BP neural network in modelling the tyre characteristics with better generalization performance. The SVMs-tyre is implemented in 8-DOF vehicle model for vehicle dynamics simulation by means of the PAC 2002 Magic Formula as reference. The SVMs-tyre can be a competitive and accurate method to model a tyre for vehicle dynamics simulation.
Various methods of tyre modelling are implemented from pure theoretical to empirical or semi-empirical models based on experimental results. A new way of representing tyre data obtained from measurements is presented via support vector machines (SVMs). The feasibility of applying SVMs to steady-state tyre modelling is investigated by comparison with three-layer backpropagation (BP) neural network at pure slip and combined slip. The results indicate SVMs outperform the BP neural network in modelling the tyre characteristics with better generalization performance. The SVMs-tyre is implemented in 8-DOF vehicle model for vehicle dynamics simulation by means of the PAC 2002 Magic Formula as reference. The SVMs-tyre can be a competitive and accurate method to model a tyre for vehicle dynamics simulation.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
A new deposition method is described using micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) to deposit tool electrode material on workpiece in air. The basic principles of micro electrical discharge deposition (EDD) are analyzed and the realized conditions are predicted. With an ordinary EDM shaping machine, brass as the electrode, high-speed steel as the workpiece, a lot of experiments are carried out on micro EDD systematically and thoroughly. The effects of major processing parameters, such as the discharge current, discharge duration, pulse interval and working medium, are obtained. As a result, a micro cylinder with 0.19 mm in diameter and 7.35 mm in height is deposited. By exchanging the polarities of the electrode and workpiece the micro cylinder can be removed selec-tively. So the reversible machining of deposition and removal is achieved, which breaks through the constraint of traditional EDM. Measurements show that the deposited material is compact and close to workpiece base, whose components depend on the tool electrode material.
A new deposition method is described using micro electrical discharge machining (EDM) to deposit tool electrode material on workpiece in air. The basic principles of micro electrical discharge deposition (EDD) are analyzed and the realized conditions are predicted. With an ordinary EDM shaping machine, brass as the electrode, high-speed steel as the workpiece, a lot of experiments are carried out on micro EDD systematically and thoroughly. The effects of major processing parameters, such as the discharge current, discharge duration, pulse interval and working medium, are obtained. As a result, a micro cylinder with 0.19 mm in diameter and 7.35 mm in height is deposited. By exchanging the polarities of the electrode and workpiece the micro cylinder can be removed selec-tively. So the reversible machining of deposition and removal is achieved, which breaks through the constraint of traditional EDM. Measurements show that the deposited material is compact and close to workpiece base, whose components depend on the tool electrode material.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The acid number of the mixed solution of 150SN oil and oleic acid characterizes the volume content of oleic acid in the solution, based on which the adsorptive capability of oleic acid is studied on the 45 steel balls and disks. Boundary lubrication tests are carried out on a self designed ball-on-disk machine. The base oil is pure 150SN oil, and oleic acid as additive are added into the lubricant. Disks have surface roughness values (Ra) of 0.8 μm and 0.4 μm. The electrical contact resistance method is used to determine the lubrication status. Hypothesize that the molecular film is monomolecular layer in condensed state and the opposing surfaces are completely separated by molecular film. A boundary lubrication model is established according to experimental results and hypothesizes. The experimental and calculational results show that the adsorption of polar molecules on steel surface is the main factor to form the boundary lubrication film. Load and sliding speed contri- bute little to the friction coefficient of boundary lubrication. The properties of steel surface and additive for the lubricant significantly influence on the characters of boundary lubrication. The smaller the surface roughness value is, the smaller the friction coefficient of the boundary lubrication is.
The acid number of the mixed solution of 150SN oil and oleic acid characterizes the volume content of oleic acid in the solution, based on which the adsorptive capability of oleic acid is studied on the 45 steel balls and disks. Boundary lubrication tests are carried out on a self designed ball-on-disk machine. The base oil is pure 150SN oil, and oleic acid as additive are added into the lubricant. Disks have surface roughness values (Ra) of 0.8 μm and 0.4 μm. The electrical contact resistance method is used to determine the lubrication status. Hypothesize that the molecular film is monomolecular layer in condensed state and the opposing surfaces are completely separated by molecular film. A boundary lubrication model is established according to experimental results and hypothesizes. The experimental and calculational results show that the adsorption of polar molecules on steel surface is the main factor to form the boundary lubrication film. Load and sliding speed contri- bute little to the friction coefficient of boundary lubrication. The properties of steel surface and additive for the lubricant significantly influence on the characters of boundary lubrication. The smaller the surface roughness value is, the smaller the friction coefficient of the boundary lubrication is.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
In order to investigate the distribution of Cu and its effect on the microstructure of Cu-bearing steel, a series of mild steels containing different contents of Cu are developed by vacuum electric arc furnace. These steels are annealed at 1 260 °C, 1 100 °C and 1 000 °C respectively for one hour and followed by furnace cooling to room temperature to simulate the heat treatment before the rolling process. The results show that Cu did not obviously segregate in annealed steels. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation show that the main microstructures in Cu-bearing steel are ferrite and pearlite; The volume fraction of pearlite in steel increase with increasing Cu content. The grain size reduces with the decrease of annealing temperature. The results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) suggest that the Cu content in pearlite is higher than that in ferrite, which means that the microstruc-ture-segregation of Cu exists. However, the cast specimens show that Cu content in MnS and S-rich phase is very high, and Cu changed the distribution of MnS in steel. In addition, the optimal Cu con-tent in steel between 0.2％~0.4％ and the optimal annealing temperature between 1 100~1 200 °C are determined by the economical and practical principles
In order to investigate the distribution of Cu and its effect on the microstructure of Cu-bearing steel, a series of mild steels containing different contents of Cu are developed by vacuum electric arc furnace. These steels are annealed at 1 260 °C, 1 100 °C and 1 000 °C respectively for one hour and followed by furnace cooling to room temperature to simulate the heat treatment before the rolling process. The results show that Cu did not obviously segregate in annealed steels. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) observation show that the main microstructures in Cu-bearing steel are ferrite and pearlite; The volume fraction of pearlite in steel increase with increasing Cu content. The grain size reduces with the decrease of annealing temperature. The results of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDXA) suggest that the Cu content in pearlite is higher than that in ferrite, which means that the microstruc-ture-segregation of Cu exists. However, the cast specimens show that Cu content in MnS and S-rich phase is very high, and Cu changed the distribution of MnS in steel. In addition, the optimal Cu con-tent in steel between 0.2％~0.4％ and the optimal annealing temperature between 1 100~1 200 °C are determined by the economical and practical principles
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
According to the inverse solution of elasticity mechanics, a stress function is constructed which meets the space biharmonic equation, this stress functions is about cubic function pressure on the inner and outer surfaces of cylinder. When borderline condition that is predigested according to the Saint-Venant’s theory is joined, an equation suit is constructed which meets both the biharmonic equations and the boundary conditions. Furthermore, its analytic solution is deduced with Matlab. When this theory is applied to hydraulic bulging rollers, the experimental results inosculate with the theoretic calculation. Simultaneously, the limit along the axis invariable direction is given and the famous Lamè solution can be induced from this limit. The above work paves the way for mathematic model building of hollow cylinder and for the analytic solution of hollow cylinder with randomly uneven pressure.
According to the inverse solution of elasticity mechanics, a stress function is constructed which meets the space biharmonic equation, this stress functions is about cubic function pressure on the inner and outer surfaces of cylinder. When borderline condition that is predigested according to the Saint-Venant’s theory is joined, an equation suit is constructed which meets both the biharmonic equations and the boundary conditions. Furthermore, its analytic solution is deduced with Matlab. When this theory is applied to hydraulic bulging rollers, the experimental results inosculate with the theoretic calculation. Simultaneously, the limit along the axis invariable direction is given and the famous Lamè solution can be induced from this limit. The above work paves the way for mathematic model building of hollow cylinder and for the analytic solution of hollow cylinder with randomly uneven pressure.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
To obtain satisfactory joining between titanium alloys and stainless steel, it is of great significance to study the process of Ti-Fe eutectic reaction. The preliminary studies about the liquid forming, spreading and the structure of the contact reaction between pure Ti and pure Fe are carried out at 1 120 ℃ for different holding times in high-frequency induction heated vacuum furnace. The results show that for Fe(particle-like)/Ti(plate-like) contact reaction couples, owing to Fe’s higher density than titanium’s, the Fe/Ti eutectic reaction develops in the thickness direction of plate-like Ti, named “deposition effect”. Then the eutectic reaction can be realized without the inter-diffusion between Ti and Fe atoms, so the formation rate of the liquid phase is very quick. For Ti (particle-like)/ Fe (plate-like) contact reaction couples, the eutectic reaction has a strong direction, I.e. the eutectic liquid is formed mostly at the Ti side, which leads to much dissolution of Ti particle and very little dissolution of the Fe base metal. It can be seen that the diffusion rate of Fe in Ti determines the whole process of the eutectic reaction, behaved as that the dissolution rate of Ti (particle-like)/ Fe (plate-like) is much lower than that of Fe(particle-like)/Ti(plate-like), and the dissolution rate of Ti obeys the square root law. Whatever means the Ti, Fe are assembled by, only dissolution process can be founded, the spread phenomena is unobvious, which is concerned with the formation of the inter-metallic compounds and the “deposition effect” of Fe.
To obtain satisfactory joining between titanium alloys and stainless steel, it is of great significance to study the process of Ti-Fe eutectic reaction. The preliminary studies about the liquid forming, spreading and the structure of the contact reaction between pure Ti and pure Fe are carried out at 1 120 ℃ for different holding times in high-frequency induction heated vacuum furnace. The results show that for Fe(particle-like)/Ti(plate-like) contact reaction couples, owing to Fe’s higher density than titanium’s, the Fe/Ti eutectic reaction develops in the thickness direction of plate-like Ti, named “deposition effect”. Then the eutectic reaction can be realized without the inter-diffusion between Ti and Fe atoms, so the formation rate of the liquid phase is very quick. For Ti (particle-like)/ Fe (plate-like) contact reaction couples, the eutectic reaction has a strong direction, I.e. the eutectic liquid is formed mostly at the Ti side, which leads to much dissolution of Ti particle and very little dissolution of the Fe base metal. It can be seen that the diffusion rate of Fe in Ti determines the whole process of the eutectic reaction, behaved as that the dissolution rate of Ti (particle-like)/ Fe (plate-like) is much lower than that of Fe(particle-like)/Ti(plate-like), and the dissolution rate of Ti obeys the square root law. Whatever means the Ti, Fe are assembled by, only dissolution process can be founded, the spread phenomena is unobvious, which is concerned with the formation of the inter-metallic compounds and the “deposition effect” of Fe.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The use of a CO2 laser system for fabrication of microfluidic chip on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is presented to reduce fabrication cost and time of chip. The grooving process of the laser system and a model for the depth of microchannels are investigated. The relations between the depth of laser-cut channels and the laser beam power, velocity or the number of passes of the beam along the same channel are evaluated. In the experiments, the laser beam power varies from 0 to 50 W, the laser beam scanning velocity varies from 0 to 1 000 mm/s and the passes vary in the range of 1 to 10 times. Based on the principle of conservation of energy, the influence of the laser beam velocity, the laser power and the number of groove passes are examined. Considering the grooving interval energy loss, a modified mathematical model has been obtained and experimental data show good agreement with the theoretical model. This approach provides a simple way of predicting groove depths. The system provides a cost alternative of the other methods and it is especially useful on research work of microfluidic prototyping due to the short cycle time of production.
The use of a CO2 laser system for fabrication of microfluidic chip on polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) is presented to reduce fabrication cost and time of chip. The grooving process of the laser system and a model for the depth of microchannels are investigated. The relations between the depth of laser-cut channels and the laser beam power, velocity or the number of passes of the beam along the same channel are evaluated. In the experiments, the laser beam power varies from 0 to 50 W, the laser beam scanning velocity varies from 0 to 1 000 mm/s and the passes vary in the range of 1 to 10 times. Based on the principle of conservation of energy, the influence of the laser beam velocity, the laser power and the number of groove passes are examined. Considering the grooving interval energy loss, a modified mathematical model has been obtained and experimental data show good agreement with the theoretical model. This approach provides a simple way of predicting groove depths. The system provides a cost alternative of the other methods and it is especially useful on research work of microfluidic prototyping due to the short cycle time of production.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Automatic compensation of grinding wheel wear in dry grinding is accomplished by an image based online measurement method. A kind of PC-based charge-coupled device image recognition system is schemed out, which detects the topography changes of the grinding wheel surface. Profile data, which corresponds to the wear and the topography, is measured by using a digital image processing method. The grinding wheel wear is evaluated by analyzing the position deviation of the grinding wheel edge. The online wear compensation is achieved according to the measure results. The precise detection and automatic compensation system is integrated into an open structure CNC curve grinding machine. A practical application is carried out to fulfil the precision curve grinding. The experimental results confirm the benefits of the proposed techniques, and the online detection accuracy is less than 5 μm. The grinding machine provides higher precision according to the in-process grinding wheel error compensation.
Automatic compensation of grinding wheel wear in dry grinding is accomplished by an image based online measurement method. A kind of PC-based charge-coupled device image recognition system is schemed out, which detects the topography changes of the grinding wheel surface. Profile data, which corresponds to the wear and the topography, is measured by using a digital image processing method. The grinding wheel wear is evaluated by analyzing the position deviation of the grinding wheel edge. The online wear compensation is achieved according to the measure results. The precise detection and automatic compensation system is integrated into an open structure CNC curve grinding machine. A practical application is carried out to fulfil the precision curve grinding. The experimental results confirm the benefits of the proposed techniques, and the online detection accuracy is less than 5 μm. The grinding machine provides higher precision according to the in-process grinding wheel error compensation.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
When the noncircular gear pair is applied to the continuously variable transmission (CVT) with gear, the transmission ratio function is discontinuous. In accordance with this unique characteristic, a new approach to design and analyze noncircular gears with discontinuous pitch curve is proposed. The design courses of various noncircular gear pairs with discontinuous pitch curve are unified based on the numerical algorithm of spline fitting and “fairing boundary condition”. According to the particularity of discontinuous pitch curve, the rules and procedures for teeth distribution are recommended. It is explained in detail why the undercut is formed and how to manage the undercut based on meshing principle. In addition, the calculation formulas for each tooth profile segment are also derived. If the tooth profile data are calculated, the measurement and the incision process for noncircular gear can be conducted and the CAD simulation can be achieved easily. To ensure the continuity of the transmission, the transmission interference of the tooth which is located at the pitch curve joint point is managed by utilizing Bézier curve with CAD software. And the contact ratio of gear pair is obtained. The case study shows that this approach is successful and opens up a new way for the design of noncircular gear.
When the noncircular gear pair is applied to the continuously variable transmission (CVT) with gear, the transmission ratio function is discontinuous. In accordance with this unique characteristic, a new approach to design and analyze noncircular gears with discontinuous pitch curve is proposed. The design courses of various noncircular gear pairs with discontinuous pitch curve are unified based on the numerical algorithm of spline fitting and “fairing boundary condition”. According to the particularity of discontinuous pitch curve, the rules and procedures for teeth distribution are recommended. It is explained in detail why the undercut is formed and how to manage the undercut based on meshing principle. In addition, the calculation formulas for each tooth profile segment are also derived. If the tooth profile data are calculated, the measurement and the incision process for noncircular gear can be conducted and the CAD simulation can be achieved easily. To ensure the continuity of the transmission, the transmission interference of the tooth which is located at the pitch curve joint point is managed by utilizing Bézier curve with CAD software. And the contact ratio of gear pair is obtained. The case study shows that this approach is successful and opens up a new way for the design of noncircular gear.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Firstly an overview of the potential impact on work-in-process (WIP) and lead time is provided when transfer lot sizes are undifferentiated from processing lot sizes. Simple performance examples are compared to those from a shop with one-piece transfer lots. Next, a mathematical programming model for minimizing lead time in the mixed-model job shop is presented，in which one-piece transfer lots are used. Key factors affecting lead time are found by analyzing the sum of the longest setup time of individual items among the shared processes (SLST) and the longest processing time of individual items among processes (LPT). And lead time can be minimized by cutting down the SLST and LPT. Reduction of the SLST is described as a traveling salesman problem (TSP), and the minimum of the SLST is solved through job shop scheduling. Removing the bottleneck and leveling the production line optimize the LPT. If the number of items produced is small, the routings are relatively short, and items and facilities are changed infrequently, the optimal schedule will remain valid. Finally a brief example serves to illustrate the method.
Firstly an overview of the potential impact on work-in-process (WIP) and lead time is provided when transfer lot sizes are undifferentiated from processing lot sizes. Simple performance examples are compared to those from a shop with one-piece transfer lots. Next, a mathematical programming model for minimizing lead time in the mixed-model job shop is presented，in which one-piece transfer lots are used. Key factors affecting lead time are found by analyzing the sum of the longest setup time of individual items among the shared processes (SLST) and the longest processing time of individual items among processes (LPT). And lead time can be minimized by cutting down the SLST and LPT. Reduction of the SLST is described as a traveling salesman problem (TSP), and the minimum of the SLST is solved through job shop scheduling. Removing the bottleneck and leveling the production line optimize the LPT. If the number of items produced is small, the routings are relatively short, and items and facilities are changed infrequently, the optimal schedule will remain valid. Finally a brief example serves to illustrate the method.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
An exoskeleton force feedback dataglove is developed, which uses the pneumatic artificial muscles as actuators. On the basis of the simplified hand model, the motion equation is deduced according to the theory of Denavit-Hartenberg. The model of the equivalent contact forces exerted by the object on the finger is proposed. By the principle of virtual work, the static equilibrium of finger is established. The force Jacobian matrix of finger is calculated, and then the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects are obtained. The theory and structure of the force feedback datagolve are introduced. Based on the theory of motion stabilization of four-bar linkage, the flexion angles of joints are measured. The torques on finger joints caused by the output forces of pneumatic artificial muscles are calculated. The output forces of pneumatic artificial muscle, whose values are controlled by its inner pressure, can be calculated by the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects. The arms of force, driving torques and the needed output forces of pneumatic muscle are calculated for each joint of the index finger. The criterion of output force of pneumatic muscle is given.
An exoskeleton force feedback dataglove is developed, which uses the pneumatic artificial muscles as actuators. On the basis of the simplified hand model, the motion equation is deduced according to the theory of Denavit-Hartenberg. The model of the equivalent contact forces exerted by the object on the finger is proposed. By the principle of virtual work, the static equilibrium of finger is established. The force Jacobian matrix of finger is calculated, and then the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects are obtained. The theory and structure of the force feedback datagolve are introduced. Based on the theory of motion stabilization of four-bar linkage, the flexion angles of joints are measured. The torques on finger joints caused by the output forces of pneumatic artificial muscles are calculated. The output forces of pneumatic artificial muscle, whose values are controlled by its inner pressure, can be calculated by the joint torques of the finger when grasping objects. The arms of force, driving torques and the needed output forces of pneumatic muscle are calculated for each joint of the index finger. The criterion of output force of pneumatic muscle is given.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The advanced optimization method named as adaptive range differential evolution (ARDE) is developed. The optimization performance of ARDE is demonstrated using a typical mathematical test and compared with the standard genetic algorithm and differential evolution. Combined with parallel ARDE, surface modeling method and Navier-Stokes solution, a new automatic aerodynamic optimization method is presented. A low aspect ratio transonic turbine stage is optimized for the maximization of the isentropic efficiency with forty-one design variables in total. The coarse-grained parallel strategy is applied to accelerate the design process using 15 CPUs. The isentropic efficiency of the optimum design is 1.6% higher than that of the reference design. The aerodynamic performance of the optimal design is much better than that of the reference design.
The advanced optimization method named as adaptive range differential evolution (ARDE) is developed. The optimization performance of ARDE is demonstrated using a typical mathematical test and compared with the standard genetic algorithm and differential evolution. Combined with parallel ARDE, surface modeling method and Navier-Stokes solution, a new automatic aerodynamic optimization method is presented. A low aspect ratio transonic turbine stage is optimized for the maximization of the isentropic efficiency with forty-one design variables in total. The coarse-grained parallel strategy is applied to accelerate the design process using 15 CPUs. The isentropic efficiency of the optimum design is 1.6% higher than that of the reference design. The aerodynamic performance of the optimal design is much better than that of the reference design.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Two algorithms of computing stress increment by using the elasto-plasticity constitutive model are firstly formulated, which are the Euler integration method and the radial return method. Hill’48 anisotropic yield criterion is used. The Euler integration method can not obtain more accurate computation of the stress increment as the radial return method unless enough subintervals are taken, by which the Euler integration method will take excessive computing time. Without decreasing any accuracy, the radial return method can save much time. Finally, a square cup deep drawing from NUMISHEET’93 benchmarks is simulated with a self-developed code SheetForm in order to investi-gate the accuracy and efficiency of the radial return method.
Two algorithms of computing stress increment by using the elasto-plasticity constitutive model are firstly formulated, which are the Euler integration method and the radial return method. Hill’48 anisotropic yield criterion is used. The Euler integration method can not obtain more accurate computation of the stress increment as the radial return method unless enough subintervals are taken, by which the Euler integration method will take excessive computing time. Without decreasing any accuracy, the radial return method can save much time. Finally, a square cup deep drawing from NUMISHEET’93 benchmarks is simulated with a self-developed code SheetForm in order to investi-gate the accuracy and efficiency of the radial return method.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
A loose coupling method is used to solve the electromagnetic tube bulging. ANSYS/ EMAG is used to model the time varying electromagnetic field with the discharge current used as excitation, in order to obtain the radial and axial magnetic pressure acting on the tube, the magnetic pressure is then used as boundary conditions to model the high velocity deformation of tube with DYNAFORM. The radial magnetic pressure on the tube decreases from the center to the tube end, axial magnetic pressure is greater near the location equal to the coil height and slight in the other region. The radial displacement of deformed workpieces is distributed uniformly near the tube center and decreases from the center to the end; Deformation from the location equal to coil height to the tube end is little. This distribution is consistent with the distribution of radial pressure; Effect of the axial magnetic pressure on deformation can be ignored. The calculated results show well agreements with the experimental results.
A loose coupling method is used to solve the electromagnetic tube bulging. ANSYS/ EMAG is used to model the time varying electromagnetic field with the discharge current used as excitation, in order to obtain the radial and axial magnetic pressure acting on the tube, the magnetic pressure is then used as boundary conditions to model the high velocity deformation of tube with DYNAFORM. The radial magnetic pressure on the tube decreases from the center to the tube end, axial magnetic pressure is greater near the location equal to the coil height and slight in the other region. The radial displacement of deformed workpieces is distributed uniformly near the tube center and decreases from the center to the end; Deformation from the location equal to coil height to the tube end is little. This distribution is consistent with the distribution of radial pressure; Effect of the axial magnetic pressure on deformation can be ignored. The calculated results show well agreements with the experimental results.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
A multiaxial paradigm for predicting creep damage/lives of components is described. Although in principle the paradigm is general, it is verified using axisymmetric experimental data. It is shown that the proposed paradigm is capable of predicting creep lives with an error of less than 2%. It is also shown that the proposed paradigm is more accurate than the reference stress method.
A multiaxial paradigm for predicting creep damage/lives of components is described. Although in principle the paradigm is general, it is verified using axisymmetric experimental data. It is shown that the proposed paradigm is capable of predicting creep lives with an error of less than 2%. It is also shown that the proposed paradigm is more accurate than the reference stress method.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
A two-dimensional finite element (FE) model for the high speed turning operations when orthogonally machining AISI H13 tool steel at 49HRC using poly crystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is described. An arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method has been adopted which does not need any chip separation criteria as opposed to the traditional Lagrangian approach. Through FE simulations temperature and stresses distributions are presented that could be helpful in predicting tool life and improving process parameters. The results show that high temperatures are generated along the tool rake face as compared to the shear zone temperatures due to high thermal conductivity of PCBN tools.
A two-dimensional finite element (FE) model for the high speed turning operations when orthogonally machining AISI H13 tool steel at 49HRC using poly crystalline cubic boron nitride (PCBN) is described. An arbitrary Lagrangian Eulerian (ALE) method has been adopted which does not need any chip separation criteria as opposed to the traditional Lagrangian approach. Through FE simulations temperature and stresses distributions are presented that could be helpful in predicting tool life and improving process parameters. The results show that high temperatures are generated along the tool rake face as compared to the shear zone temperatures due to high thermal conductivity of PCBN tools.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Bertrand surface is presented by abstracting and subliming the common characteristic of the usual surfaces including rotational surfaces, developable surfaces, normal circular-arc surfaces, etc. Basic characteristic of Bertrand surface is that normals along generator are coplanar. Bertrand conjugate principle is studied and its basic characteristic is that the instantaneous contact line between a pair of Bertrand conjugate surfaces is generator. Bertrand conjugate can be divided into three kinds of typical conjugation forms in terms of the generators that are general plane curve, circular-arc and straight line. Basic conjugate condition is given respectively, and structure condition, which reflects transmission forms and directrix characteristic of this kind of conjugation, is researched. As typical engineering application of Bertrand conjugate surface principle, transmission technology of loxodromic-type normal circular-arc bevel gear is studied.
Bertrand surface is presented by abstracting and subliming the common characteristic of the usual surfaces including rotational surfaces, developable surfaces, normal circular-arc surfaces, etc. Basic characteristic of Bertrand surface is that normals along generator are coplanar. Bertrand conjugate principle is studied and its basic characteristic is that the instantaneous contact line between a pair of Bertrand conjugate surfaces is generator. Bertrand conjugate can be divided into three kinds of typical conjugation forms in terms of the generators that are general plane curve, circular-arc and straight line. Basic conjugate condition is given respectively, and structure condition, which reflects transmission forms and directrix characteristic of this kind of conjugation, is researched. As typical engineering application of Bertrand conjugate surface principle, transmission technology of loxodromic-type normal circular-arc bevel gear is studied.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Conventional reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) requires to use the most probable point (MPP) method for a probabilistic analysis of the reliability constraints. A new approach is presented, called as the minimum error point (MEP) method or the MEP based method, for reliability-based design optimization, whose idea is to minimize the error produced by approximating performance functions. The MEP based method uses the first order Taylor’s expansion at MEP instead of MPP. Examples demonstrate that the MEP based design optimization can ensure product reliability at the required level, which is very imperative for many important engineering systems. The MEP based reliability design optimization method is feasible and is considered as an alternative for solving reliability design optimization problems. The MEP based method is more robust than the commonly used MPP based method for some irregular performance functions
Conventional reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) requires to use the most probable point (MPP) method for a probabilistic analysis of the reliability constraints. A new approach is presented, called as the minimum error point (MEP) method or the MEP based method, for reliability-based design optimization, whose idea is to minimize the error produced by approximating performance functions. The MEP based method uses the first order Taylor’s expansion at MEP instead of MPP. Examples demonstrate that the MEP based design optimization can ensure product reliability at the required level, which is very imperative for many important engineering systems. The MEP based reliability design optimization method is feasible and is considered as an alternative for solving reliability design optimization problems. The MEP based method is more robust than the commonly used MPP based method for some irregular performance functions
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The dynamic balance quality of a rotating object is an important factor to maintain the stability and accuracy for motion. The azimuth of the principal axis of inertia is a major sign of dynamic balance. A usual method is measuring moment of inertia matrix relative to some base coordinates on a rotary inertia machine so as to calculate the azimuth of principal axis of inertia. By using the measured unbalance results on the two trimmed planes on a vertical hard bearing double-plane dynamic balancing machine, the dimension and direction of couple unbalance can be found. An azimuth angle formula for the principal axis of inertia is derived and is solved by using unbalance quantities. The experiments indicate that method based on dynamic balancing measurement is proved rational and effective and has a fine precision.
The dynamic balance quality of a rotating object is an important factor to maintain the stability and accuracy for motion. The azimuth of the principal axis of inertia is a major sign of dynamic balance. A usual method is measuring moment of inertia matrix relative to some base coordinates on a rotary inertia machine so as to calculate the azimuth of principal axis of inertia. By using the measured unbalance results on the two trimmed planes on a vertical hard bearing double-plane dynamic balancing machine, the dimension and direction of couple unbalance can be found. An azimuth angle formula for the principal axis of inertia is derived and is solved by using unbalance quantities. The experiments indicate that method based on dynamic balancing measurement is proved rational and effective and has a fine precision.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Shop floor control (SFC) is responsible for the coordination and control of the manufacturing physical and information flow within the shop floor in the manufacturing system. Weaknesses of the production activity control (PAC) architecture of the shop floor are addressed by the Maglica’s new system architecture. This architecture gives rise to unlimited number of movers and producers thus evolving more complex but decentralized architecture. Beijing Institute of Technology – production activity control (BIT-PAC) architecture introduces an idea of sub-producers and sub-movers thus reducing the complexity of the architecture. All the equipments including sub-producers and sub-movers are considered to be passive in the proposed shop floor information system. The dissemi-nation of information from sub-producers and sub-movers is done manually through a PC. Proposed BIT-PAC SFC architecture facilitates the information flow from shop floor to the other area of the organization. Effective use of internet information services (IIS) and SQL2000 is done along with the ASP.NET technology to implement the application logic. Applicability of the software based on BIT-PAC architecture is checked by running application software on a network PC that supports the dynamic flow of information from sub-producers and sub-movers to the other parts of the organiza-tion. Use of software is also shown at the end for BIT training workshop thus supporting the use of SFC architecture for similar kind of environments.
Shop floor control (SFC) is responsible for the coordination and control of the manufacturing physical and information flow within the shop floor in the manufacturing system. Weaknesses of the production activity control (PAC) architecture of the shop floor are addressed by the Maglica’s new system architecture. This architecture gives rise to unlimited number of movers and producers thus evolving more complex but decentralized architecture. Beijing Institute of Technology – production activity control (BIT-PAC) architecture introduces an idea of sub-producers and sub-movers thus reducing the complexity of the architecture. All the equipments including sub-producers and sub-movers are considered to be passive in the proposed shop floor information system. The dissemi-nation of information from sub-producers and sub-movers is done manually through a PC. Proposed BIT-PAC SFC architecture facilitates the information flow from shop floor to the other area of the organization. Effective use of internet information services (IIS) and SQL2000 is done along with the ASP.NET technology to implement the application logic. Applicability of the software based on BIT-PAC architecture is checked by running application software on a network PC that supports the dynamic flow of information from sub-producers and sub-movers to the other parts of the organiza-tion. Use of software is also shown at the end for BIT training workshop thus supporting the use of SFC architecture for similar kind of environments.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The influence of the structure and running parameters of a novel spiral oil wedge hybrid journal bearing on the fluid flow trace is investigated. The governing equation of the flow trace of lubricant is set up, and the simulation is carried out by using finite difference method. The results show that the lubricant flow status and end leakage quantity are greatly influenced by spiral angle, and that the rotating speed has little influence on the flow status. With advisable geometry design, the separation of lubricant between different oil wedges can be obtained, which can decrease the temperature rise effectively.
The influence of the structure and running parameters of a novel spiral oil wedge hybrid journal bearing on the fluid flow trace is investigated. The governing equation of the flow trace of lubricant is set up, and the simulation is carried out by using finite difference method. The results show that the lubricant flow status and end leakage quantity are greatly influenced by spiral angle, and that the rotating speed has little influence on the flow status. With advisable geometry design, the separation of lubricant between different oil wedges can be obtained, which can decrease the temperature rise effectively.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The wave transmission character of helical spring is applied to establish 2-DOF model of impacted vehicle on the wave impact theory. Considering the concrete structure of helical spring, corresponding responses under different impact frequency of the vehicle are imitated. The reason why the vehicle floor overresponds in some special frequency fields is explored based on analyzing the responses. When the impactions are in low frequency, the change of the spring has not been consi- dered, but this does not affect the results. Because the transmission characters of velocity and acceleration are unanimous in helical spring, the responses characters of velocity and acceleration are also unanimous, the only difference is the magnitude, which can make use of acceleration responses to analyse velocity responses.
The wave transmission character of helical spring is applied to establish 2-DOF model of impacted vehicle on the wave impact theory. Considering the concrete structure of helical spring, corresponding responses under different impact frequency of the vehicle are imitated. The reason why the vehicle floor overresponds in some special frequency fields is explored based on analyzing the responses. When the impactions are in low frequency, the change of the spring has not been consi- dered, but this does not affect the results. Because the transmission characters of velocity and acceleration are unanimous in helical spring, the responses characters of velocity and acceleration are also unanimous, the only difference is the magnitude, which can make use of acceleration responses to analyse velocity responses.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
The main purpose of nonlinear time series analysis is based on the rebuilding theory of phase space, and to study how to transform the response signal to rebuilt phase space in order to extract dynamic feature information, and to provide effective approach for nonlinear signal analysis and fault diagnosis of nonlinear dynamic system. Now, it has already formed an important offset of nonlinear science. But, traditional method cannot extract chaos features automatically, and it needs man’s participation in the whole process. A new method is put forward, which can implement auto-extracting of chaos features for nonlinear time series. Firstly, to confirm time delay t by autocorrelation method; Secondly, to compute embedded dimension m and correlation dimension D; Thirdly, to compute the maximum Lyapunov index lmax; Finally, to calculate the chaos degree Dch of Poincaré map, and the non-circle degree Dnc and non-order degree Dno of quasi-phase orbit. Chaos features extracting has important meaning to fault diagnosis of nonlinear system based on nonlinear chaos features. Examples show validity of the proposed method.
The main purpose of nonlinear time series analysis is based on the rebuilding theory of phase space, and to study how to transform the response signal to rebuilt phase space in order to extract dynamic feature information, and to provide effective approach for nonlinear signal analysis and fault diagnosis of nonlinear dynamic system. Now, it has already formed an important offset of nonlinear science. But, traditional method cannot extract chaos features automatically, and it needs man’s participation in the whole process. A new method is put forward, which can implement auto-extracting of chaos features for nonlinear time series. Firstly, to confirm time delay t by autocorrelation method; Secondly, to compute embedded dimension m and correlation dimension D; Thirdly, to compute the maximum Lyapunov index lmax; Finally, to calculate the chaos degree Dch of Poincaré map, and the non-circle degree Dnc and non-order degree Dno of quasi-phase orbit. Chaos features extracting has important meaning to fault diagnosis of nonlinear system based on nonlinear chaos features. Examples show validity of the proposed method.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation: ① The low frequency resonances introduced into the system; ② Conflict between lower isolation frequency and stiffness high enough to limit quasi-static stroke; ③ Inconsistent isolation level with different force load. The design of two separate chambers is for the purpose of tuning support frequency and force independently and each chamber is controlled by a different valve. The inner one of double-loop structure is pressure control, and in order to obtain good performance, nonlinearities compensation and motion flow rate compensation (MFRC) are added besides the basic cascade compensation, and the influence of tube length is studied. The outer loop has two functions: one is to eliminate the resonance caused by isolation support and to broaden the isolation frequency band by payload velocity feedback and base velocity feed forward, and the other is to tune support force and support stiffness simultaneously and independently, which means the support force will have no effect on support stiffness. Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the three drawbacks are overcome simultaneously.
A newly designed pneumatic spring with two separate chambers is promoted and double-loop active control is introduced to overcome the following drawbacks of passive pneumatic isolation: ① The low frequency resonances introduced into the system; ② Conflict between lower isolation frequency and stiffness high enough to limit quasi-static stroke; ③ Inconsistent isolation level with different force load. The design of two separate chambers is for the purpose of tuning support frequency and force independently and each chamber is controlled by a different valve. The inner one of double-loop structure is pressure control, and in order to obtain good performance, nonlinearities compensation and motion flow rate compensation (MFRC) are added besides the basic cascade compensation, and the influence of tube length is studied. The outer loop has two functions: one is to eliminate the resonance caused by isolation support and to broaden the isolation frequency band by payload velocity feedback and base velocity feed forward, and the other is to tune support force and support stiffness simultaneously and independently, which means the support force will have no effect on support stiffness. Theoretical analysis and experiment results show that the three drawbacks are overcome simultaneously.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
In order that the mechanism designed meets the requirements of kinematics with optimal dynamics behaviors, a quadratic optimization method is proposed based on the different characteristics of kinematic and dynamic optimization. This method includes two steps of optimization, that is, kinematic and dynamic optimization. Meanwhile, it uses the results of the kinematic optimization as the constraint equations of dynamic optimization. This method is used in the parameters optimization of transplanting mechanism with elliptic planetary gears of high-speed rice seedling transplanter with remarkable significance. The parameters spectrum, which meets to the kinematic requirements, is obtained through visualized human-computer interactions in the kinematics optimization, and the optimal parameters are obtained based on improved genetic algorithm in dynamic optimization. In the dynamic optimization, the objective function is chosen as the optimal dynamic behavior and the constraint equations are from the results of the kinematic optimization. This method is suitable for multi-objective optimization when both the kinematic and dynamic performances act as objective functions.
In order that the mechanism designed meets the requirements of kinematics with optimal dynamics behaviors, a quadratic optimization method is proposed based on the different characteristics of kinematic and dynamic optimization. This method includes two steps of optimization, that is, kinematic and dynamic optimization. Meanwhile, it uses the results of the kinematic optimization as the constraint equations of dynamic optimization. This method is used in the parameters optimization of transplanting mechanism with elliptic planetary gears of high-speed rice seedling transplanter with remarkable significance. The parameters spectrum, which meets to the kinematic requirements, is obtained through visualized human-computer interactions in the kinematics optimization, and the optimal parameters are obtained based on improved genetic algorithm in dynamic optimization. In the dynamic optimization, the objective function is chosen as the optimal dynamic behavior and the constraint equations are from the results of the kinematic optimization. This method is suitable for multi-objective optimization when both the kinematic and dynamic performances act as objective functions.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
An improved covariance driven subspace identification method is presented to identify the weakly excited modes. In this method, the traditional Hankel matrix is replaced by a reformed one to enhance the identifiability of weak characteristics. The robustness of eigenparameter estimation to noise contamination is reinforced by the improved Hankel matrix. In combination with component energy index (CEI) which indicates the vibration intensity of signal components, an alternative stabilization diagram is adopted to effectively separate spurious and physical modes. Simulation of a vibration system of multiple-degree-of-freedom and experiment of a frame structure subject to wind excitation are presented to demonstrate the improvement of the proposed blind method. The performance of this blind method is assessed in terms of its capability in extracting the weak modes as well as the accuracy of estimated parameters. The results have shown that the proposed blind method gives a better estimation of the weak modes from response signals of small signal to noise ratio (SNR) and gives a reliable separation of spurious and physical estimates.
An improved covariance driven subspace identification method is presented to identify the weakly excited modes. In this method, the traditional Hankel matrix is replaced by a reformed one to enhance the identifiability of weak characteristics. The robustness of eigenparameter estimation to noise contamination is reinforced by the improved Hankel matrix. In combination with component energy index (CEI) which indicates the vibration intensity of signal components, an alternative stabilization diagram is adopted to effectively separate spurious and physical modes. Simulation of a vibration system of multiple-degree-of-freedom and experiment of a frame structure subject to wind excitation are presented to demonstrate the improvement of the proposed blind method. The performance of this blind method is assessed in terms of its capability in extracting the weak modes as well as the accuracy of estimated parameters. The results have shown that the proposed blind method gives a better estimation of the weak modes from response signals of small signal to noise ratio (SNR) and gives a reliable separation of spurious and physical estimates.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
To simplify the mechanical structure, decrease the overall system size of the 3-degree freedom axial-radial magnetic bearings and reduce the manufacturing costs as well as operating costs, an innovated AC-DC 3-degree freedom hybrid magnetic bearing is proposed, which is driven by a DC amplifier in axial direction and a 3-phase power converter in radial directions respectively, and the axial and radial bias magnetic fluxes are provided with a common radial polarized permanent magnet ring. The principle producing magnetic suspension forces is introduced. By using equivalent magnetic circuit method, the calculation formulas of magnetic suspension forces and the mathematics models of the system are deduced. Nonlinearities of suspension forces and cross coupling between different degree freedoms are studied further by calculating the suspension forces at different displacements and control currents to validate the feasibility of the mathematics model. Then based on the mathematics models of the bearing, a control method of this novel bearing is designed. Lastly, the methods on parameter design and calculations of the bearing are presented, and an applicable prototype is simulated to analyze the magnetic path by using finite element analysis. The theory analysis and simulation results have shown that this magnetic bearing incorporates the merits of 3-phase AC drive, permanent magnet flux biased and axial-radial combined control, and reduces overall system size and has higher efficiency and lower cost. This innovated magnetic bearing has a wide application in super-speed and super-precision numerical control machine tools, bearingless motors, high-speed flywheels, satellites, etc.
To simplify the mechanical structure, decrease the overall system size of the 3-degree freedom axial-radial magnetic bearings and reduce the manufacturing costs as well as operating costs, an innovated AC-DC 3-degree freedom hybrid magnetic bearing is proposed, which is driven by a DC amplifier in axial direction and a 3-phase power converter in radial directions respectively, and the axial and radial bias magnetic fluxes are provided with a common radial polarized permanent magnet ring. The principle producing magnetic suspension forces is introduced. By using equivalent magnetic circuit method, the calculation formulas of magnetic suspension forces and the mathematics models of the system are deduced. Nonlinearities of suspension forces and cross coupling between different degree freedoms are studied further by calculating the suspension forces at different displacements and control currents to validate the feasibility of the mathematics model. Then based on the mathematics models of the bearing, a control method of this novel bearing is designed. Lastly, the methods on parameter design and calculations of the bearing are presented, and an applicable prototype is simulated to analyze the magnetic path by using finite element analysis. The theory analysis and simulation results have shown that this magnetic bearing incorporates the merits of 3-phase AC drive, permanent magnet flux biased and axial-radial combined control, and reduces overall system size and has higher efficiency and lower cost. This innovated magnetic bearing has a wide application in super-speed and super-precision numerical control machine tools, bearingless motors, high-speed flywheels, satellites, etc.
2006, 20(4).
Abstract:
Limitations of various accumulators in hybrid hydraulic excavator are analyzed. A program using capacitor as the accumulator based on constant work-point control is put forward. A simulating experimental system of hybrid construction machinery is established, and experimental study on constant work-point control for parallel hybrid system with capacitor accumulator is carried out using the pressure and flow rate derived from boom cylinder of hydraulic excavator in actual work as the simulating loads. A program of double work-point control is proposed and proved by further experiments
Limitations of various accumulators in hybrid hydraulic excavator are analyzed. A program using capacitor as the accumulator based on constant work-point control is put forward. A simulating experimental system of hybrid construction machinery is established, and experimental study on constant work-point control for parallel hybrid system with capacitor accumulator is carried out using the pressure and flow rate derived from boom cylinder of hydraulic excavator in actual work as the simulating loads. A program of double work-point control is proposed and proved by further experiments
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